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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacillota
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Caryophanales
Family:	Bacillaceae
Genus:	Bacillus
Species:	B. amyloliquefaciens
Binomial name
	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Priest et al., 1987

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium in the genus Bacillus that is the source of the BamHI restriction enzyme. It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar, and plantazolicin, an antibiotic with selective activity against Bacillus anthracis.^[1]

It is used in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics to fight root pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum,^[2]^[3] Pythium,^[4] Rhizoctonia solani,^[5] Alternaria tenuissima^[6] and Fusarium^[7]^[8] as well improve root tolerance to salt stress.^[9] They are considered a growth-promoting rhizobacteria and have the ability to quickly colonize roots.^[10]

Discovery and name

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was first isolated from the soil 1943 by the Japanese scientist Juichiro Fukumoto,^[11]^[12] who gave the bacterium its name because it produced (faciens) a liquifying (lique) amylase (amylo).

Uses

Alpha amylase from B. amyloliquefaciens is often used in starch hydrolysis. It is also a source of subtilisin, which catalyzes the breakdown of proteins in a similar way to trypsin.

Agriculture

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is considered a root-colonizing biocontrol bacterium, and is used to fight some plant root pathogens in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics. It has been shown to provide benefits to plants in both soil and hydroponic applications. It takes action against bacterial^[13] and fungi pathogens, and may prevent infection though competitive exclusion or out-competing the unwanted pathogen.^[2] It has been shown to be effective against several root pathogens that hurt agricultural yields in soil and hydroponics, such as Ralstonia solanacearum in cannabis sativa-hemp, tomatoes,^[2]^[3]^[14] Rhizoctonia solani in lettuce,^[5] Pythium in cannabis sativa-hemp & tomatoes,^[4] Alternaria tenuissima in English ivy^[6] and Fusarium in bananas and cucumbers.^[7]^[8] It also appears to improve root tolerance against abiotic stress, allowing plants such as maize to tolerate high salt concentrations in hydroponic applications, while also reducing salt concentrations in the plant tissue.^[9]

Status as a species

Between the 1940s and the 1980s, bacteriologists debated as to whether or not B. amyloliquefaciens was a separate species or a subspecies of Bacillus subtilis. The matter was settled in 1987; it was established to be a separate species.^[15]

In the American Type Culture Collection, the number for B. amyloliquefaciens is 23350.^[16]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, the producer of the ultranarrow-spectrum antibiotic plantazolicin, was reclassified in 2015 as B. velezensis NRRL B-41580T (along with B. methylotrophicus KACC 13015 T and B. oryzicola KACC 18228) based on phenotype and genotype coherence.^[17]

References

^ Molohon, KJ; Melby, JO; Lee, J; Evans, BS; Dunbar, KL; Bumpus, SB; Kelleher, NL; Mitchell, DA (2011). "Structure Determination and Interception of Biosynthetic Intermediates for the Plantazolicin Class of Highly Discriminating Antibiotics". ACS Chem. Biol. 6 (12): 1307–1313. doi:10.1021/cb200339d. PMC 3241860. PMID 21950656.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tan, Shiyong; Gu, Yian; Yang, Chunlan; Dong, Yue; Mei, Xinlan; Shen, Qirong; Xu, Yangchun (2015-11-21). "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T-5 may prevent Ralstonia solanacearum infection through competitive exclusion". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (3): 341–351. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1079-z. ISSN 0178-2762. S2CID 18128050.
^ ^a ^b Huang, Jianfeng; Wei, Zhong; Tan, Shiyong; Mei, Xinlan; Shen, Qirong; Xu, Yangchun (2014-11-05). "Suppression of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato by Bioorganic Fertilizer Made from the Antibacterial Compound Producing Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HR62". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (44): 10708–10716. doi:10.1021/jf503136a. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 25322261.
^ ^a ^b Zouari, Imen; Jlaiel, Lobna; Tounsi, Slim; Trigui, Mohamed (2016-09-01). "Biocontrol activity of the endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain CEIZ-11 against Pythium aphanidermatum and purification of its bioactive compounds". Biological Control. 100: 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.05.012.
^ ^a ^b Grube, Martin; Schloter, Michael; Smalla, Kornelia; Berg, Gabriele (2015-01-22). The plant microbiome and its importance for plant and human health. Frontiers E-books. pp. 117–124. ISBN 9782889193783. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
^ ^a ^b Soares, Marcos Antônio; Li, Hai-Yan; Bergen, Marshall; Silva, Joaquim Manoel da; Kowalski, Kurt P.; White, James Francis (2015-08-22). "Functional role of an endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in enhancing growth and disease protection of invasive English ivy (Hedera helix L.)". Plant and Soil. 405 (1–2): 107–123. doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2638-7. ISSN 0032-079X. S2CID 17856428.
^ ^a ^b Shen, Zongzhuan; Wang, Beibei; Lv, Nana; Sun, Yifei; Jiang, Xinyi; Li, Rong; Ruan, Yunze; Shen, Qirong (2015-06-03). "Effect of the combination of bio-organic fertiliser with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 on the control of banana Fusarium wilt disease, crop production and banana rhizosphere culturable microflora". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 25 (6): 716–731. Bibcode:2015BioST..25..716S. doi:10.1080/09583157.2015.1010482. ISSN 0958-3157. S2CID 84093418.
^ ^a ^b Liu, Yunpeng; Zhang, Nan; Qiu, Meihua; Feng, Haichao; Vivanco, Jorge M.; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Ruifu (2014-04-01). "Enhanced rhizosphere colonization of beneficial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 by pathogen infection". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 353 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1111/1574-6968.12406. ISSN 1574-6968. PMID 24612247.
^ ^a ^b Chen, Lin; Liu, Yunpeng; Wu, Gengwei; Veronican Njeri, Kimani; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Nan; Zhang, Ruifu (2016-09-01). "Induced maize salt tolerance by rhizosphere inoculation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9". Physiologia Plantarum. 158 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1111/ppl.12441. ISSN 1399-3054. PMID 26932244.
^ Qiu, Meihua; Xu, Zhihui; Li, Xingxing; Li, Qing; Zhang, Nan; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Ruifu (2014-12-05). "Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 Revealed the Key Proteins Involved in in Situ Root Colonization". Journal of Proteome Research. 13 (12): 5581–5591. doi:10.1021/pr500565m. ISSN 1535-3893. PMID 25299960.
^ J. Fukumoto (1943). "Studies on the production of bacterial amylase. I. Isolation of bacteria secreting potent amylases and their distribution". Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan (in Japanese). 19 (7): 487–503. doi:10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.19.7_487.
^ Ngalimat, Mohamad Syazwan; Yahaya, Radin Shafierul Radin; Baharudin, Mohamad Malik Al-Adil; Yaminudin, Syafiqah Mohd; Karim, Murni; Ahmad, Siti Aqlima; Sabri, Suriana (2021-03-17). "A Review on the Biotechnological Applications of the Operational Group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens". Microorganisms. 9 (3): 614. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030614. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 8002464. PMID 33802666.
^ Wu, Liming; Wu, Huijun; Chen, Lina; Lin, Ling; Borriss, Rainer; Gao, Xuewen (2014-12-04). "Bacilysin overproduction in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 markerless derivative strains FZBREP and FZBSPA enhances antibacterial activity". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (10): 4255–4263. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6251-0. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 25472439. S2CID 14637275.
^ Tan, Shiyong; Jiang, Yi; Song, Song; Huang, Jianfeng; Ling, Ning; Xu, Yangchun; Shen, Qirong (2013-01-01). "Two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains isolated using the competitive tomato root enrichment method and their effects on suppressing Ralstonia solanacearum and promoting tomato plant growth". Crop Protection. 43: 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.08.003.
^ *F. G. Priest; M. Goodfellow; L. A. Shute; R. C. W. Berkeley (1987). "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp. nov., nom. rev". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 37 (1): 69–71. doi:10.1099/00207713-37-1-69.
^ "ATCC 23350 Strain Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net. Retrieved 2016-09-21.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Dunlap CA, Kim SJ, Kwon SW, Rooney AP (2015). "Bacillus velezensis is not a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp plantarum and 'Bacillus oryzicola' are later heterotypic synonyms of Bacillus velezensis based on phylogenomics". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66 (3): 1212–1217. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000858. PMID 26702995.