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Asteroideae
	Illustration of Aster amellus from tribe Astereae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Asteroideae; Lindl.
Tribes
	Anthemideae; Astereae; Athroismeae; Bahieae; Calenduleae; Chaenactideae; Coreopsideae; Doroniceae; Eupatorieae; Feddeeae; Gnaphalieae; Helenieae; Heliantheae; Inuleae; Madieae; Millerieae; Neurolaeneae; Perityleae; Plucheeae; Polymnieae; Senecioneae; Tageteae;

Asteroideae is a subfamily of the plant family Asteraceae. It contains about 70% of the species of the family.^[2] It consists of several tribes, including Astereae, Calenduleae, Eupatorieae, Gnaphalieae, Heliantheae, Senecioneae and Tageteae. Asteroideae contains plants found all over the world, many of which are shrubby. There are about 1,135 genera and 17,200 species within this subfamily; the largest genera by number of species are Helichrysum (500–600) and Artemisia (550).

Asteroideae is said to date back to approximately 46–36.5 million years ago.^[3]

Common characteristics

This family will often have radiate style heads but some could have discoid or disciform. They contain ray florets that are three lobed and are also considered perfect flower implying that it is bisexual. Many contain stigmatic surfaces that are separated by two marginal bands and terminal sterile appendages with sweeping hairs.^[4]

Taxonomy

This subfamily is composed of 21 tribes that are broken into 3 supertribes: Senecionodae, Asterodae, and Helianthodae. Senecioneae contains about 120 genera and more than 3,200 species that are found in more temperate areas.^[5] Asterodae contains many economically important plants such as the chrysanthemums, common daisy, and the asters. The third super tribe is the Helianthodae, which is the largest of the three, containing 16 of the 21 tribes.^[6]

Since 2004, the 21 tribes have been grouped into three supertribes:^[2]^[7]^[8]

Senecionodae
- Senecioneae (Doronicum is sometimes placed in a separate tribe Doroniceae^[9])
Asterodae
- Anthemideae (including chrysanthemums)
- Astereae (including asters and the common daisy)
- Calenduleae (including calendulas)
- Gnaphalieae
Helianthodae
- Athroismeae
- Bahieae
- Chaenactideae
- Coreopsideae (including cosmos and dahlias)
- Eupatorieae
- Feddeeae
- Helenieae (including gaillardias)
- Heliantheae (including sunflowers and zinnias)
- Inuleae (including Plucheeae)^[10]
- Madieae
- Millerieae
- Neurolaeneae
- Perityleae
- Polymnieae
- Tageteae (including marigolds)

Uses

The subfamily Asteroideae has many genera within the tribes that have economic uses. Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Guizotia abyssinica (niger seed) are all used as oil seed crops. Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) is used as a culinary herb and Parthenium argentatum (guayule) is a rubber source. Some of the other genera are used as ornamentals; those are Dendranthema spp. (chrysanthemum), Callistephus, Cosmos, Tagetes (marigold), and many others.^[11]

References

^ UniProt. "Asteroideae". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ ^a ^b Asteraceae, Tree of Life Web Project
^ Huang, C. -H; Zhang, C; Liu, M; Hu, Y; Gao, T; Qi, J; Ma, H (2016). "Multiple polyploidization events across Asteraceae with two nested events in the early history revealed by nuclear phylogenomics". Mol. Biol. Evol. 33 (11): 2820–2835. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw157. PMC 5062320. PMID 27604225.
^ Lindley, J., The Vegetable Kingdom
^ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc; Strother, John L. "Asteraceae tribe Senecioneae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 19, 20, and 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ Panero, J.L; Crozier, B.S. "Asteraceae: Sunflowers, daisies". Tree of Life. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
^ Robinson, Harold (2004). "New supertribes, Helianthodae and Senecionodae, for the subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae)". Phytologia. 86 (86): 116–120. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.28428. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
^ Harold Robinson; Edward Schilling; José L. Panero. "Eupatorieae" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
^ Fernandez, I (2001), "A Phylogenetic Analysis of Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) Based on Morphological, Nuclear Ribosomal (ITS), and Chloroplast (trnL-F) Evidence", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20 (1): 41–64, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.331.4339, doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0954, PMID 11421647
^ Anderberg, A (2005), "Evolutionary relationships in the Asteraceae tribe Inuleae (incl. Plucheeae) evidenced by DNA sequences of F; with notes on the systematic positions of some aberrant genera", Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 5 (2): 135–146, doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.015
^ Murrell, Z.E (2010). Vascular Plant Taxonomy. Kendall Hunt Publishing Compant.