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Asphodelus
	White asphodel (Asphodelus albus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Asphodelaceae
Subfamily:	Asphodeloideae
Genus:	Asphodelus; L.
Synonyms
	Asphodeloides Moench; Clausonia Pomel; Verinea Pomel; Gethosyne Salisb.; Ophioprason Salisb.; Glyphosperma S.Watson;

Asphodelus is a genus of mainly perennial flowering plants in the asphodel family Asphodelaceae^[2] that was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The genus was formerly included in the lily family (Liliaceae).^[3] The genus is native to temperate Europe (mostly the south of Europe),^[4] the Mediterranean, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian Subcontinent, and some species have been introduced to, and are now naturalized in, other places such as New Zealand, Australia, Mexico and southwestern United States.^[1]^[5] Many asphodels are popular garden plants, which grow in well-drained soils with abundant natural light.

Character

The plants are hardy herbaceous perennials with narrow tufted radical leaves and an elongated stem bearing a handsome spike of white or yellow flowers. Asphodelus albus and A. fistulosus have white flowers and grow from 45 to 60 centimetres (1+1⁄2–2 ft) high; A. ramosus is a larger plant, the large white flowers of which have a reddish-brown line in the middle of each segment.

Etymology

The genus name is derived from the Greek ἀσφόδελος asphodelos.^[6]^[7]

Species

There are 16 species in the genus.^[8]

Species^[1]

Asphodelus acaulis Desf. – Branched asphodel – Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Asphodelus aestivus Brot. – Summer asphodel, also known as Common asphodel and Silver rod – Western Mediterranean (mainly Portugal and Spain)
Asphodelus albus Mill. – White asphodel, also known as Rimmed lichen – Mediterranean
Asphodelus ayardii Jahand. & Maire – France, Spain, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Canary Islands
Asphodelus bakeri Breistr. – Western Himalayas of northern India, northern Pakistan, etc.
Asphodelus bento-rainhae P.Silva – Spain, Portugal
Asphodelus cerasiferus J.Gay – France, Spain, Sardinia, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Asphodelus fistulosus L. – Onion-leaved asphodel, also known as Onionweed – Mediterranean (naturalized in New Zealand, Mexico, southwestern United States, etc.)
Asphodelus gracilis Braun-Blanq. & Maire – Morocco
Asphodelus lusitanicus Cout. – Spain, Portugal
Asphodelus macrocarpus Parl. – Mediterranean
Asphodelus ramosus L. – Branched asphodel – southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East and Canary Islands
Asphodelus refractus Boiss. – North Africa and Arabian Peninsula from Mauritania & Morocco to Saudi Arabia
Asphodelus roseus Humbert & Maire – Spain, Morocco
Asphodelus serotinus Wolley-Dod – Spain, Portugal
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. – Southeast Europe and northern Africa from the Mediterranean south to Mali, Chad, Sudan, Somalia; south-central Asia from Caucasus to India
Asphodelus viscidulus Boiss. – North Africa, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula

Formerly included

Asphodelus luteus L. – synonym of Asphodeline lutea

Uses

The leaves^{[clarification needed]} are used to wrap burrata, an Italian cheese. The leaves and the cheese last about the same time, three or four days, and thus fresh leaves are a sign of a fresh cheese, while dried out leaves indicate that the cheese is past its prime.^[9]

Mythology

In Greek legend the asphodel is one of the most famous of the plants connected with the dead and the underworld. Homer describes it as covering the great meadow (ἀσφόδελος λειμών), the haunt of the dead. It was planted on graves, and is often connected with Persephone, who appears crowned with a garland of asphodels. ^{[citation needed]} Its general connection with death is due no doubt to the greyish colour of its leaves and its yellowish flowers, which suggest the gloom of the underworld and the pallor of death. The roots were eaten by the poorer Greeks; hence such food was thought good enough for the shades.^{[citation needed]} The asphodel was also supposed to be a remedy for venomous snake-bites and a specific against sorcery; it was fatal to mice, but preserved pigs from disease. The Libyan nomads made their huts of asphodel stalks.^{[citation needed]}^[10]

Poetry

The asphodel is mentioned by several poets in connection with the mythology of death, and by association, the afterlife - specifically the Isles of the Blessed and Elysium - part of the ancient Greek concept of the afterlife.

Conrad Aiken: "Snowflake on asphodel—how clear, how bright / Snow's death on dying flower, yet both immortal"
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: "As one who stands in dewless asphodel, Looks backward on the tedious time he had In the upper life."
Florence Earle Coates: "beauty wove a magic spell/ For him, and early, at his need,/ Upon a bed of asphodel/ He found a tuneful reed" in poem "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow"
Leonard Cohen: "But in his lapel, discreetly, he wore a sprig of asphodel."
William Faulkner: "There asphodels are scattered through the night, Like ghosts of young beseeching hands." ONE WHO WAS LEFT LIVING, CHANSONS AU PRINTEMPS, handwritten with drawings, 1919, W. Faulkner, RFC
Robert Frost: “And where they sought without the sword/ Wide fields of asphodel fore’er” The Trial by Existence, A Boy’s Will
Allen Ginsberg: "An Asphodel"
Hesiod: "Children! They know not how much more the half is than the whole, nor how great is the profit in mallow and asphodel."^[11]
Homer: "So I said and off he went, the ghost of the great runner, Aeacus’ grandson loping with long strides across the fields of asphodel, triumphant in all I had told him of his son, his gallant, glorious son."^[12]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: "He, who wore the crown of asphodels, Descending, at my door began to knock."^[13]
John Milton: "To embathe In nectared lavers strewed with asphodel."
Edgar Allan Poe: "and when, one by one, the white daisies shrank away, there sprang up in place of them, ten by ten of the ruby-red asphodel"
Alexander Pope: "Happy Souls who dwell In Yellow Meads of Asphodel, Or Amaranthine Bowers."
Ezra Pound, "Canto XXI": "Danced there Athame, danced, and there Phaethusa/ With colour in the vein,/ Strong as with blood drink, once,/ With colour in the vein/ Red in the smoke-faint throat. Dis caught her up./ And the old man went on there/ beating his mule with an asphodel."
Alfred Tennyson: "Others in Elysian valleys dwell, Resting weary limbs at last on beds of asphodel."
Orville E. Watson: "see a river like Kokosing, in meadows sweet with asphodel"
William Carlos Williams: "Asphodel, that greeny flower"
Marie Laforêt: "Je t'ai donné mes bouquets d'asphodèles
Oscar Wilde: "The heavy fields of scentless Asphodel, the loveless lips with which men kiss in hell"; "they sleep, they sleep, beneath the rocking trees where asphodel and yellow lotus twine"
Dani Filth: "When the Sun goes out our powers/ Will extend throughout Heaven like Asphodel"
Virginia Woolf: " But some were early infected by a germ said to be bred of the pollen of the asphodel" (describing the love of literature in Orlando)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Kew Plants of the World Online
^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
^ Bailey, L.H. & E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
^ "asphodel". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Asphodelus includes photos plus European distribution maps
^ Harper, Douglas. "asphodel". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ ἀσφόδελος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^ Lifante, Z. Díaz (1996). "Pollen morphology ofAsphodelusL. (Asphodelaceae): Taxonomic and phylogenetic inferences at the infrageneric level". Grana. 35 (1): 24–32. Bibcode:1996Grana..35...24L. doi:10.1080/00173139609430497.
^ Roberts, Genevieve (2 March 2011). "Burrata: Britain's new Big cheese". The Independent. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ Herodotus (2015). The Histories. Penguin Books. pp. Book 4 paragraph 190. ISBN 978-0-14-310754-5.
^ Hes.Works and Days.40-41.
^ The Odyssey, translated by Robert Fagels
^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.