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Armadillidium vulgare
	Male A. vulgare from Missolonghi, Greece
	Female A. vulgare from Missolonghi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Isopoda
Suborder:	Oniscidea
Family:	Armadillidiidae
Genus:	Armadillidium
Species:	A. vulgare
Binomial name
	Armadillidium vulgare; Latreille, 1804
Synonyms
	Armadillidium affine; Armadillidium armeniense; Armadillidium brevicaudatum; Armadillidium commutatum; Armadillidium decipiens; Armadillidium marmoreum; Armadillidium nitidulum; Armadillidium oliveti; Armadillidium pilulare; Armadillidium schellenbergi; Armadillidium sorattinum; Armadillidium subdentatum; Armadillidium triviale; Armadillidium variegatum; Armadillo ater; Armadillo convexus; Armadillo marmoreus; Armadillo pilularis; Armadillo pustulatus; Armadillo trivialis; Armadillo variegatus; Armadillo vulgaris;

Armadillidium vulgare, the common pill-bug, potato bug, common pill woodlouse, roly-poly, slater, doodle bug, or carpenter, is a widespread European species of woodlouse. It is the most extensively investigated terrestrial isopod species.^[2] It is native to Mediterranean Europe, but as an introduced species they have become naturalized in almost all suitable ecosystems. They are kept as pets by hobbyists for their wide range of possible color variations.

Description

Armadillidium vulgare may reach a length of 18 millimetres (11⁄16 in), and is capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed; this ability, along with its general appearance, gives it the name pill-bug and also creates the potential for confusion with pill millipedes such as Glomeris marginata.^[3] It can be distinguished from Armadillidium nasatum and Armadillidium depressum by the gap that A. nasatum and A. depressum leave when rolling into a ball; A. vulgare does not leave such a gap.^[4]

Ecology

Armadillidium vulgare is able to withstand drier conditions than many other woodlouse species, and is restricted to calcareous soils or coastal areas.^[3] It feeds chiefly on decaying plant matter, but also grazes lichens and algae from tree bark and walls.^[5]

It is able to regulate its temperature through its behaviour, preferring bright sunshine when temperatures are low, but remaining in shadow when temperatures are high; temperatures below −2 °C (28 °F) or above 36 °C (97 °F) are lethal to it.^[6] A. vulgare is less susceptible to cold during the night, and may enter a state of dormancy during the winter in order to survive temperatures that would otherwise be lethal.^[6]

Distribution

The native distribution of A. vulgare ranges across Europe, especially in the Mediterranean Basin.^[2] In the United Kingdom, A. vulgare is very common in southern and eastern England, but is more confined to coastal areas in the north.^[7] Similarly, in Ireland, A. vulgare is common in the south and east, but rarer in the north and west.^[7]

A. vulgare has also been introduced to many locations in North America, where it may reach population densities of up to 10,000 individuals per square metre (900 individuals per square foot).^[8] It is now one of the most abundant invertebrate species in California coastal grassland habitats.^[9] It has also been introduced, to a lesser extent, to sites across the world.^[2]

Relationships with humans

Because of their unusual yet non-threatening appearance, some Armadillidium vulgare are kept as pets in areas throughout the world. Different lineages are bred, usually in regards to color, in order to provide stock to hobbyists. One supposed variation, "Punta Cana," is often referred to as Armadillidium sordidum, while others insist it is a variety of A. vulgare.^[10] Keeping a pet pill bug requires a very moist habitat with limited light and abundant decaying botanical matter.^[11] They can often live up to three years.^[12] Among non-hobbyist adults, they are often seen as unwanted (but essentially harmless) home pests.^[12]