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Belgium is a European country with a Jewish population of approximately 35,000 out of a total population of about 11.4 million. It is among the countries experiencing an increase in both antisemitic attitudes and in physical attacks on Jews.

1980s through early 2000s

The 1980s were marked by a number of anti-Jewish attacks, the most notorious being the deadly 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack on families waiting with their children for a bus that would carry them to a Jewish summer camp. This attack was part of a wave of attacks on Jewish targets worldwide that included the synagogue in Copenhagen, the bombing of a synagogue in Paris, the 1981 Vienna synagogue attack, attacks on a synagogue in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1983, attacks on synagogues in Buenos Aires and Rosario Argentina in 1984, an attack on a Jewish film festival in Paris in 1985, the 1982 Great Synagogue of Rome attack, and the 1981 Antwerp bombing in which three people were killed and over 100 wounded.^[1]

In April 2002, the facade of the Charleroi synagogue was sprayed with bullets.^[2] In 2003 a 33-year-old man of Moroccan descent parked a car alongside the synagogue of Charleroi, poured gasoline over the car, and set it alight in an attempt to destroy the synagogue.^[3] Authorities investigated it as possible terrorism. Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt condemned the attack but stated that he saw no need to raise security around Jewish institutions in Belgium.^[3] Firefighters were able to douse the fire before it destroyed the building.^[4]

Post 2012

According to a report by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), the number of antisemitic incidents in 2012 had been the highest since 2009. 80 antisemitic incidents were reported throughout Belgium in 2012, a 23% increase from 2011 and an overall increase of 34% since 2000. Five of the incidents involved physical attacks, three of which occurred in Antwerp.^[5]

In October 2013, Isi Leibler, the former president of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, reported on the alarming increase in the levels of antisemitism in Belgium. Leibler described a wide use of antisemitic caricatures in the media including a caricature on the official central Flanders educational website, comparing Israel to Nazi Germany. In addition, he described an increase of 30% in the number of antisemitic incidents including physical assaults and vandalism of Jewish institutions.^[6] Furthermore, according to a survey conducted among eight Jewish communities in eight European Union countries, 88% of Belgium Jews feel that in the course of recent years, antisemitism has intensified in their country. 10% of the Belgian survey respondents reported suffering from incidents of physical violence or threats due to their Jewish affiliation since 2008. Most of the victims did not report the incidents to the police.^[7]

2014 was marked by an increased frequency of antisemitic attacks, with antisemitic attacks recorded by the government increasing by 50% over the previous year.^[8] The increase is often dated from the May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting.^[8]^[9] Two days later, a young Muslim man entered the CCU (Jewish Cultural Center) while an event was taking place and shouted racist slurs.^[10] A month later, a school bus in Antwerp, that was driving 5-year-old Jewish children was stoned by a group of Muslim teens.^[11] Towards the end of August 2014, a 75-year-old Jewish woman was hit and pushed to the ground because of her Jewish-sounding surname.^[12] Belgian politician Hassan Aarab, running for municipal office in Antwerp on the Christian Democratic and Flemish list, publicly apologized for antisemitic statements.^[13]

In July 2014, a doctor refused to care for Holocaust survivor Bertha Klein, telling her son "Send her to Gaza for a few hours, then she will get rid of the pain. I’m not coming".^[14]^[15] The incident was ranked as the worst anti-Semitic incident in 2014 by the Simon Wiesenthal Center.^[16]

In 2014 The New York Times reported on crowds of protestors near the European Parliament building in Brussels shouting “Death to the Jews!”^[17] On 14 September, a crowd that had gathered in Brussels to dedicate a plaque memorializing the Holocaust was attacked by "youths" hurling rocks and bottles.^[17] On 18 September, a synagogue in the Anderlecht neighborhood was set on fire in a suspected arson attack.^[17] These were among a series of incidents, including an ethnically Turkish butcher in Liège who put up a sign stating that he would serve dogs but not Jews, and a commuter train announcement that the next stop would be “Auschwitz” and ordering all Jews to get off, that caused growing numbers of Jews to leave, or to consider leaving Belgium.^[18]^[8]^[17]^[19] The incidents are concentrated in Brussels, where anti-Jewish activity is driven by Muslims, who constitute about a quarter of the population of the city.^[18]^[17]^[20] In June, the government earmarked $4 million for increased security at Jewish institutions.^[21]

In 2015 Prime Minister Charles Michel declared a "zero tolerance policy" towards antisemitism.^[22] His government fired the operator of a government hotline assisting victims of the Brussels bombings; the operator had responded to a call requesting assistance transferring two of the wounded home to Israel by insisting that Israel does not exist.^[23]^[24] The number of families moving from Belgium to Israel in 2015 reached a 10-year high.^[25]

In 2016 the government-funded, Catholic Sint-Jozefs Institute secondary school in Torhout declared that it was "very proud" of a retired teacher who won a prize for his antisemitic cartoon at the International Holocaust Cartoon Competition in Iran. Despite a backlash from the Jewish community, the cartoonist was celebrated as a champion of "free speech."^[26]

In January 2019, Flanders banned the kosher and halal slaughter of animals (schechita), which Jewish and Muslim community leaders denounced as racism and a violation of their freedom of religion.^[27] From 1 September, the French-speaking region of Wallonia adopted a similar ban.^[28]

In March 2019, a parade float featuring stereotyped Jewish figures at the Carnival of Aalst near Brussels was widely criticized as antisemitic. The float in the town of Aalst, 25 km (15 miles) from the European Parliament, featured grinning figures of Orthodox Jews standing on large piles of money. Local Jewish organisations said it was "typical of Nazism of 1939."^[29] The organizers claimed there was "never any intention to insult anyone" and defended it as "a celebration of humor."^[30]

In August 2019, Dimitri Verhulst wrote in an op-ed in the newspaper De Morgen that "being Jewish is not a religion, no God would give creatures such an ugly nose", a misquote from French singer Serge Gainsbourg. He also accused Jews of harbouring a superiority complex due to the notion of Jews as the chosen people, and said "talking to the Chosen is difficult" because they unjustly accuse critics of antisemitism. De Morgen's editor-in-chief defended Verhulst on the basis that the op-ed was "a harsh criticism on Israel's politics towards the Palestinian people."^[31]

Belgian-Jewish journalist Cnaan Liphshiz has written that what is most troubling about the current state of antisemitism in Belgium is the fact that officials and opinion-shapers have often defended the perpetrators of antisemitic incidents on the grounds of "free speech" or that no offense was supposedly intended. According to Lipshiz, "classic antisemitism" of a type he had thought "impossible in an established Western democracy in the heart of Europe," is now "mainstream" in Belgium.^[32]

In 2023, the Israel-Hamas War caused antisemitism to spike, with 1,676 antisemitic incidents reported in 2023, compared to the 436 in 2022. More than half of these incidents occurred online.^[33] In February 2024, Belgian Minister of Justice confirmed that Hamas had been using "non-profit organisations" to lobby and raise funds in Belgium.^[34]^[35]^[36] In April 2024, homes of Belgian Holocaust survivors in Fléron were subject to vandalism.^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]

In June 2024, a Holocaust memorial and a memorial for Nazi resistance fighters at park Bois de la Cambre were defaced respectively, with the latter spray-painted with a white swastika and Celtic cross.^[45] In the same month, the European Jewish Congress found in a survey that^[46]

Belgians who expressed aversion towards Jews was 14%
- Significantly higher than France
Antipathy towards Jews rose to 22% in Belgium's capital Brussels
Antipathy towards Jews in Flanders was 16%
Antipathy towards Jews in Wallonia was 9%
Adherence to antisemitic prejudices was found to be significantly higher on the far left, far right and among Muslims

Whereas, in July 2024, EU's Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) found in a survey that^[47]^[48]

97% of Jews in Belgium claimed to have encountered anti-Semitism in their daily lives
70% of them hid their identity in public due to lack of safety from rampant antisemitism
68% of Jews in Belgium have encountered online anti-Semitism
- Higher than the EU average of 61%
40% of Jews claimed to have avoided Jewish events due to feelings of insecurity
54% of Jews in Belgium claimed to have avoided certain locations for fear of being attacked

In August 2024, Belgian novelist Herman Brusselmans published a controversial column in Dutch-language magazine Humo in relation to rising tension from the Gaza War, where he threatened, "I want to ram a sharp knife through the throat of every Jew I meet".^[49]^[50] The column was condemned by the head of the Brussels office of B'nai B'rith International as a "blatant incitement to violence against Jews, in one of Belgium's largest magazines."^[51] The Brussels-based European Jewish Association (EJA), representing hundreds of Jewish communities across the continent, declared to have started legal actions against Brusselmans' genocidal threats.^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]

In September 2024, Belgium’s federal equality agency reported a 1,000% increase in antisemitic incidents in the two months following the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas War when compared to similar periods in previous years.^[59] In the wake of these staggering statistics, the International Movement for Peace and Coexistence (IMPAC) raised concerns about issues of bias regarding how the Palestinian-Israel conflict is presented in Belgian schools.^[59]