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Antheraea pernyi
	Mounted female
	Living specimen
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Saturniidae
Genus:	Antheraea
Species:	A. pernyi
Binomial name
	Antheraea pernyi; (Guérin-Méneville, 1855)
Synonyms
	Antheraea hartii Moore, 1892;

Antheraea pernyi, the Chinese oak tussar moth, Chinese tasar moth, or temperate tussar moth, is a large moth in the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1855. Antheraea roylei is an extremely close relative, and the present species might actually have evolved from ancestral A. roylei by chromosome rearrangement.^[1]^[2]

They are originally from southern China. Used for tussar silk production, they have been distributed more widely across subtropical and tropical Asia. Unlike the domestic silk moth which is entirely dependent on human care, tussah silk moths can survive in the wild if they escape from captivity; small local populations of such feral stock may thus occasionally occur. The colour and quality of the silk depends on the climate and soil.^[3]

This is one of the major producers of tussar silk.^[4] It was of commercial importance during the Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms era, about 200 BC to 250 AD. More recently, the hybridogenic species Antheraea × proylei is being bred for tussah silk production. It originated from a natural hybrid between male A. pernyi and A. roylei females, F1 females of which were backcrossed to A. pernyi males. For reasons unknown, it is a case of paternal mtDNA transmission: the mitochondrial genome, normally inherited from the mother only in sexually reproducing organisms, is almost identical to that of the present species.^[1]

This silkworm is raised in China for its silk. It is referred to as tussah, Chinese tussah, oak tussah, or temperate tussah. It is the source of tussah spinning fiber that is used in the West. It is a relative of the tropical tussah silk moth, Antheraea paphia of India, and also related to Antheraea polyphemus, the American polyphemus silk moth. In China, they are fed on plantations of specially trimmed oak trees on the hillsides.^[5]

Immune system

The immune responses of A. pernyi to bacterial infection have been analysed based on injection by Escherichia coli D31. Cecropin B and D, hemolin, attacin and lysozyme were detected in the hemolymph.^[6] Also, injection of E. coli led to the discovery of a 380-kDa lectin with affinity to galactose and resulted in an increase of hemagglutinating activity.^[7] A. pernyi has been used in research on virus defence in insects. It was discovered that hemolin was induced after injection of baculovirus, but also by double-stranded RNA.^[8]

Aging

Changes occurring with aging at the dendrite level of olfactory receptor neurons were studied in male A peryni.^[9] These aging related changes included DNA fragmentation.^[9]

Gallery

Eggs one day before hatching
First-instar caterpillars
Second-instar caterpillar
Third-instar caterpillar
Fourth-instar caterpillar
Fifth-instar caterpillars
Sixth-instar caterpillar
Sixth-instar caterpillar

References

^ ^a ^b Arunkumar, K.P.; Metta, Muralidhar; Nagaraju, J. (August 2006). "Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese Bombyx mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea proylei mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 419–427. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..419A. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.023. PMID 16644243.
^ Peigler, Richard S. "Diverse evidence that Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is entirely of sericultural origin". Tropical Lepidoptera Research. 22 (2): 93–99.
^ "Chapter 9". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
^ Li, Wenli; Zhang, Zhengyao; Lin, Lan; Terenius, Olle (1 August 2017). "Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and Its Importance in Sericulture, Food Consumption, and Traditional Chinese Medicine". Journal of Economic Entomology. 110 (4): 1404–1411. doi:10.1093/jee/tox140. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 28535207.
^ "Antheraea pernyi, Chinese Oak Tasar Silkworm". www.wormspit.com. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ Qu, Xian-ming; Steiner, Håkan; Engström, Åke; Bennich, Hans; Boman, Hans G. (1982-09-01). "Insect Immunity: Isolation and Structure of Cecropins B and D from Pupae of the Chinese Oak Silk Moth, Antheraea pernyi". European Journal of Biochemistry. 127 (1): 219–224. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06858.x. ISSN 1432-1033. PMID 6754375.
^ Qu, Xian-Ming; Zhang, Chun-Fa; Komano, Hiroto; Natori, Shunji (1987-03-01). "Purification of a Lectin from the Hemolymph of Chinese Oak Silk Moth (Antheraea pernyi) Pupae". Journal of Biochemistry. 101 (3): 545–551. doi:10.1093/jb/101.3.545. ISSN 0021-924X. PMID 3298221.
^ Hirai, M.; Terenius, O.; Li, W.; Faye, I. (2004-08-01). "Baculovirus and dsRNA induce Hemolin, but no antibacterial activity, in Antheraea pernyi". Insect Molecular Biology. 13 (4): 399–405. doi:10.1111/j.0962-1075.2004.00497.x. ISSN 1365-2583. PMID 15271212. S2CID 46056395.
^ ^a ^b Kumar GL, Pophof B, Kumar S, Keil TA. Age-related changes in the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons in the male silkmoth Antheraea peryni (Insecta, Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Cell Biol Int. 1998;22(6):445-55. doi: 10.1006/cbir.1998.0278. PMID 10328853

North-Szigetváry, L. (1894): "The Japanese and Chinese Oak-Silk Spinner: Their Life and Cultivation (Attacus Jama-mâi and Bombyx Pernyi)." L. North-Szigetváry, of Newchwang. The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society. 1894. Vol. 10. Nos. 4–6 April to June, pp. 183–193.
Supplementary figure 1 (JPG)
Supplementary figure 2 (JPG)
Supplementary figure 3 (JPG)