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Antarctophthirus microchir
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Psocodea
Family:	Echinophthiriidae
Genus:	Antarctophthirus
Species:	A. microchir
Binomial name
	Antarctophthirus microchir; (Trouessart and Neumann, 1888)

Antarctophthirus microchir is a parasite found on pinnipeds (commonly known as sea lions and seals) and is an ectoparasite with the ability to live on the surface of mammals while tolerating submersion in salt water.^[1]^[2]

Life cycle

Larval stages: Eggs and first larval stage are mainly found on seal pups, which have less contact with water during the beginning of their lives. It is shown that the parasitic eggs have less resistance to water.

Nymph: Legs and spine are developed.

Adult: Exterior structures are developed. The haustellum functions as a suction and provides stability of the lice on mammal surface.

All stages of A. microchir were found on aquatic mammals, suggesting the lice completes the entire life cycle within the host.

Main structures

Chaetotaxy: Spines, scales, and hairs. Spines typically have grooves.
Spiracles: Serve as a clear membrane for the lice.
Legs: Hinge and middle legs are larger than forelegs. Often used to hold on to hairs of host.
Head: The head is eyeless. However, it possesses a haustellum along with 8 hooks.
Antennae : Consists of 5 segments. The terminal segment has sensorial organs.
Abdomen: Membranous. More rounded in male.

References

^ Leonardi, María Soledad; Crespo, Enrique A.; Raga, Juan Antonio; Fernández, Mercedes (2012-09-01). "Scanning electron microscopy of Antarctophthirus microchir (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae): Studying morphological adaptations to aquatic life". Micron. 43 (9): 929–936. doi:10.1016/j.micron.2012.03.009. hdl:11336/70663. ISSN 0968-4328. PMID 22503484.
^ Leonardi, Maria; Crespo, Enrique; Raga, Juan; Fernández, Mercedes (2009-06-01). "Redescription of Antarctophthirus microchir (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) from the South American Sea Lion, Otaria flavescens, from Patagonia, Argentina". The Journal of Parasitology. 95 (5): 1086–92. doi:10.1645/GE-2050.1. hdl:11336/94320. PMID 19463036.
^ Leonardi, M. S., Crespo, E. A., Raga, J. A., & Fernández, M. (2012). Scanning electron microscopy of Antarctophthirus microchir (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae): Studying morphological adaptations to aquatic life. Micron, 43(9), 929-936.
^ Ebmer, D., Navarrete, M. J., Muñoz, P., Flores, L. M., Gärtner, U., Taubert, A., & Hermosilla, C. (2019). Antarctophthirus microchir infestation in synanthropic South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) males diagnosed by a novel non-invasive method. Parasitology research, 118(5), 1353-1361.