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Anak (/ˈeɪnæk/; Hebrew: עֲנָק‎,^[1] homophone to a word for "giant, long neck, necklace"; Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕaˈnɔːq]) is a figure in the Hebrew Bible. His descendants are mentioned in narratives concerning the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites. According to the Book of Numbers, Anak was a forefather of the Anakim, a Rephaite tribe according to Deuteronomy 2:11 .^[2]^[3]^[4] In their report, ten of the twelve Israelite spies associated the Anakim with the Nephilim of Genesis 6:1–4. ^[5]

Etymology

L. Nesiolowski-Spano proposed a hypothesis that his name is derived from the Greek 'wanax', 'ruler'.^[6]

In the Bible

The sons of Anak are first mentioned in Numbers 13. The Israelite leader Moses sends twelve spies representing the Twelve Tribes of Israel to scout out the land of Canaan. The spies enter from the Negev desert and journey northward through the Judaean hills until they arrive at the brook of Eshcol near Hebron, where reside the sons of Anak: Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. After the scouts have explored the entire land, they bring back samples of the fruit of the land. The scouts then report to Moses and the congregation, that "the land indeed is a land flowing with milk and honey". However, in Numbers 13:33, ten of the twelve spies state that the inhabitants of the land are descended from the Nephilim, discouraging the Israelites from even attempting to possess the land. They reported that the inhabitants and cities were stronger than the Israelites, and that they felt like grasshoppers in their presence. However, the faithful spies Caleb and Joshua do not verify this report, leading some scholars to believe that the fearful reports from the other ten are hyperbolic and should not be taken literally.^[7]

The Anakites are later mentioned briefly in the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua, and Judges. Caleb, one of the twelve spies sent by Moses into Canaan, later drove out the descendants of Anak — his three sons — from Hebron, also called Kiriath Arba (Judges 1:20).

Extrabiblical mentions

A woman of a similar name, ʿAnāq bint Ādam, appears as the mother of ʿŪj (the Arabic equivalent of Og) in Islamic tradition.^[8]

The Egyptian Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom^[9] (2055-1650 BC) mention a list of political enemies in Canaan, and among this list are a group called the "ly Anaq" or people of Anaq. The three rulers of ly Anaq were Erum, Abiyamimu, and Akirum.^[10]

Robert Graves, considering the relationship between the Anakites and Philistia (Joshua 11:21, Jeremiah 47:5), identifies the Anakim with Anax, the giant ruler of the Anactorians in Greek mythology.^[11]

Cultural references

In Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick (Chapter 59. Squid.) narrator Ishmael alludes to "the great Kraken of Bishop Pontoppodan," then concludes the chapter: "By some naturalists who have vaguely heard rumors of the mysterious creature, here spoken of, it is included among the class of cuttle-fish, to which, indeed, in certain external respects it would seem to belong, but only as the Anak of the tribe."^[12]

References

^ Spelled as both ענק and as הענק depending upon the reference.
^ The "Anakim" (Hebrew anakim) are called "Anakims" in the King James Bible, and "Anakites" in some other sources.
^ "A compilation of references to "Anak" and "Anakim" in various references sources, all at least a century old". Classic.net.bible.org.
^ "Easton's Bible Dictionary". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ White, Ellen (2023). "Who Are the Nephilim?". Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023.
^ Niesiołowski-Spanò, Łukasz (1 January 2020). "The Levites, *ra-wo, λᾶός / λαοί – A new proposal for lexical and historical relationship". Biblica. 101 (3): 444–452. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ "How did the ten spies see Nephilim after the Flood? | Verse By Verse Ministry International". versebyverseministry.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
^ "ʿAnāq". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22679.
^ Wyatt, Nicolas (2001). Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-04942-1.
^ Wyatt 2001.
^ "These Anakim seem to have come from Greece, as members of the Sea-peoples' confederation which caused the Egyptians so much trouble in the fourteenth century B.C." Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, 88.3. New York: 1955.
^ "Index of /files/2701". Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 9 December 2021.