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Alnus alnobetula
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Betulaceae
Genus:	Alnus
Subgenus:	Alnus subg. Clethropsis
Species:	A. alnobetula
Binomial name
	Alnus alnobetula; (Ehrh.) K.Koch
	Natural distribution of Alnus viridis complex
Synonyms
	List Alnus viridis A.Gray 1848, illegitimate homonym, not (Chaix) DC. 1805 ; Alnus fruticosa Rupr. ; Alnaster fruticosus (Rupr.) Ledeb. ; Duschekia fruticosa (Rupr.) Pouzar ; Alnus pumila Nois. ex Corrie ; Alnus orbiculata Lopylaie ex Spach ; Alnus tristis Wormsk. ex Regel ; Alnus alpina Vill. ; Betula viridis Chaix in D.Villars ; Betula ovata Schrank ; Betula alpina Borkh. ex Theorin ; Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. ; Alnus ovata (Schrank) G.Lodd. ; Alnaster viridis (Chaix) Spach ; Semidopsis viridis (Chaix) Zumagl. ; Duschekia ovata (Schrank) Opiz ; Duschekia viridis (Chaix) Opiz ; Alnus brembana Rota ; Alnus corylifolia A.Kern. ex Dalla Torre ; Betula crispa Aiton ; Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh ; Alnaster crispus (Aiton) Czerep. ; Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar ; Alnus undulata Willd. ; Betula alnus-crispa Steud. ; Alnus mitchelliana M.A.Curtis ex A.Gray ; Alnus repens Wormsk. ex Hornem. ; Alnus mollis Fernald ; Alnus viridis var. sinuata Regel ; Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. ; Duschekia sinuata (Regel) Pouzar ; Alnaster sinuatus (Regel) Czerep. ; Betula tristis Wormsk. ex Link ; Alnus sitchensis (Regel) Sarg ; Alnus kamschatica (Regel) Kudô ex Masam ; Duschekia kamtschatica (Callier) Pouzar ; Alnaster kamtschaticus (Callier) Czerep. ; Alnus suaveolens Req. ;

Alnus alnobetula is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America.^[2] Many sources refer to it as Alnus viridis, the green alder, but botanically this is considered an illegitimate name synonymous with Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa.^[3]

Description

It is a large shrub or small tree 3–12 metres (10–39+1⁄2 ft) tall with smooth grey bark even in old age. The leaves are shiny green with light green undersurfaces, ovoid, 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) long and 2–6 cm broad. The flowers are catkins, appearing late in spring after the leaves emerge (unlike other alders which flower before leafing out); the male catkins are pendulous, 4–8 cm long, the female catkins 1 cm long and 0.7 cm broad when mature in late autumn, in clusters of 3–10 on a branched stem.^[4] The seeds are small, 1–2 millimetres (1⁄32–3⁄32 in) long, light brown with a narrow encircling wing.

The roots of Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata have nitrogen-fixing nodules.^[5] A study in Alaska showed that Sitka alder seedlings were able to invade coal mine spoils and can be used for revegetation and stripmine reclamation.^[6]

Distribution

There are four to six subspecies, some treated as separate species by some authors:^[7]

Alnus viridis subsp. viridis – Central Europe
Alnus viridis subsp. suaveolens – Corsica (endemic)
Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa – Northeast Europe, northern Asia, northwestern North America
Alnus viridis subsp. maximowiczii (A. maximowiczii) – Japan
Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (A. crispa, mountain alder) – northeastern North America, Greenland
Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (A. sinuata, Sitka alder or slide alder) – western North America, far northeastern Siberia

Alnus viridis is classed as an environmental weed in New Zealand.^[8]

Ecology

Alnus viridis has a shallow root system, and is marked not only by vigorous production of stump suckers, but also by root suckers.

Alnus viridis is a light-demanding, fast-growing shrub that grows well on poorer soils. In many areas, it is a highly characteristic colonist of avalanche chutes in mountains, where potentially competing larger trees are killed by regular avalanche damage. A. viridis survives the avalanches through its ability to re-grow from the roots and broken stumps. Unlike some other alders, it does require moist soil, and is a colonist of screes and shallow stony slopes. It also commonly grows on subarctic river gravels, particularly in northern Siberia, Alaska and Canada, occupying areas similarly disrupted by ice floes during spring river ice breakup; in this habitat it commonly occurs mixed with shrubby willows.

Uses

It is sometimes used for afforestation on infertile soils which it enriches by means of its nitrogen-fixing nodules, while not growing large enough to compete with the intended timber crop. A. sinuata can add 20 kg of nitrogen per acre (50kg/hectare) per year to the soil.^[9] Alnus viridis leaves have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine externally or internally as tea for treatment of infections and fever.^[10]

References

^ Rivers, M.C. & Stritch, L. (2016). "Alnus alnobetula". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 208. IUCN. e.T51203944A2347475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T51203944A2347475.en.
^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ Furlow, John J. (1997). "Alnus viridis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ Patterson, Patricia A. (1985). Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 35.
^ "Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)". USDA. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ "Alnus viridis". Flora Europaea. Edinburgh: Royal Botanical Garden. 2008.
^ Clayson, Howell (May 2008). Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation. ISBN 978-0-478-14412-3.
^ Ewing, Susan (1996). The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books.
^ Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, A. G.; Heiss, E. H.; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; Dirsch, V. M.; Saukel, J; Kopp, B (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.