1989: Co-organizer of the pro-perestroika-writer movement "Aprel" ("Апрель")
1990: First anti-fascist process in the USSR, with the conviction of a functionary of the ultra-nationalist organization Pamyat "(Russian for "memory") ended
1991: leading member of the movement "Democratic Russia" and founder of the Moscow Anti-Fascist Centre
1993: Members of the first State Duma of the Russian Federation in the group “Russia’s choice” ("Выбор России")
Since 1995: Research fellow of the Institute for the Economy in Transition ("Института экономики переходного периода"),[2] president of the Holocaust Foundation, member of the editorial board of the library "Holocaust" and, among others co-author of "The history of the Holocaust on Soviet territory"