Adungu

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The Adungu, also called the Endongo or Ennanga or Bow harp in English, is a stringed musical instrument of the Acholi people of Northern Uganda^[1] and the Alur people of northwestern Uganda. It is an arched harp of varying dimensions, ranging from seven to ten strings or more.^[2] The physical form of the a'dungu African harp derives from uniquely African origins.^[3] The instrument is made of a hollowed-out slab of wood, which is covered by two pieces of leather, woven together in the center. The upper piece of leather functions as a soundboard, and a wooden rib supports it, serving also as a structure to secure the strings to the soundboard. A curved wooden neck, containing a tuning peg for each note, is inserted into the end of the instrument's body. The strings run diagonally from the tuning pegs in the neck to the rib in the center of the body.^{[citation needed]}

The musical form commonly known as adungu music today, is tuned to the diatonic major scale of classic European music and bears the influence of the British presence in Uganda.^[3] Traditionally the Adungu is tuned to a pentatonic scale within both the Acholi and Alur cultures. The a'dungu may be played alone, in an ensemble, or as vocal accompaniment. The instrument appears in various sizes that can be loosely categorized into soprano, alto, tenor, and bass.^{[citation needed]}

A'dungus are often played in quartets or quintets. The strings of the bass a'dungu are tuned only to the pitches of the tonic triad, and more notes can be played by placing the finger on a string any distance from the neck to raise the pitch. The tenor, alto, and soprano a'dungus are tuned to the pitches of a diatonic major scale. The bass and tenor instruments are played on the ground, while the alto and soprano are played held against the chest.^{[citation needed]}

Tuning is not standardized, and players will usually tune by ear to each other shortly before a performance. The a'dungus are not in a particular key, and the tonality can be adapted to the preferences of the performers.^{[citation needed]}

The a'dungu is generally not used melodically, and instead outlines chords. Generally, a single note is played at a time on the bass and tenor instruments, while the alto and soprano a'dungus are used to play triads. In performance, complex arpeggiation gives simple tonal chord progressions an energetic, sometimes syncopated rhythmic drive.

Modern performers adept with the adungu include the native Ugandan musician James Makubuya^[4]^[5] and the American artist Crystal Bright.^[6]

References

^ "Acholi musical instruments (1998.203.1.29.2) from the Southern Sudan Project".
^ Klabunde, Martin (2011). Learn to Play the Adungu!: Bow Harp from Northern Uganda. Seattle: CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1463558581.
^ ^a ^b Solomon, Thomas (2012). Nannyonga-Tamusuza, Sylvia A. (ed.). Ethnomusicology in East Africa: Perspectives from Uganda and Beyond. Kampala: African Books Collective. p. 200. ISBN 978-9970251353. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ "Pop and Jazz Guide". The New York Times. 27 February 2004. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ Kozinn, Allan (8 April 2006). "Wu Man, a Pipa Player in Search of the Common Chord". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ Mellor, JG (2012). "Crystal Bright and The Silver Hands announce new album". Shufflemag.com. Shuffle Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-10-27. Retrieved 7 June 2013.

322: Harps

322.1: Open

322.11: Arched Harp	Adungu Janzi African Pin Saung
322.12: Angular harp	Çeng Chang

322.2: Frame

322.21: w/o tuning	322.211 Diatonic Paraguayan 322.212 Chromatic 322.212.1 Inline 322.212.2 Cross-strung
322.22: w/ tuning	322.221 Lever Bohemian harp Celtic harp 322.222 Pedal

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