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Adele Bloch-Bauer
Adele Bloch-Bauer
	Adele Bloch Bauer in 1920
Born	Adele Bauer; August 9, 1881; Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	January 24, 1925 (aged 43)
Nationality	Austria-Hungary
Occupation(s)	Socialite, arts patron
Relatives	Maria Altmann (niece)
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Adele Bloch-Bauer (née Bauer; August 9, 1881 – January 24, 1925) was a Viennese socialite, salon hostess, and patron of the arts from Austria-Hungary, married to sugar industrialist Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. A Jewish woman, she is most well known for being the subject of two of artist Gustav Klimt's paintings: Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II, and the fate of the paintings during and after the Nazi Holocaust. She has been called "the Austrian Mona Lisa."^[1]

Biography

Adele Bauer was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on August 9, 1881, to Moritz and Jeannette (née Honig) Bauer.^[2] Her father was a railway and bank director.^[3]

She met her future husband, Ferdinand Bloch, at the wedding of her sister Therese to Ferdinand's brother Gustav Bloch in 1898.^[4] Adele and Ferdinand became engaged the next year, followed by marriage in Vienna's Stadttempel on December 19, 1899.^[4] Ferdinand was a wealthy businessman who owned a sugar refinery in Bruck an der Mur, Austria.^[5]

In 1903, he commissioned the artist Gustav Klimt to paint a portrait of his wife, which was completed in 1907 and became the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I. Kimberly Bradley of the BBC wrote the portrait transformed Bloch-Bauer into an "icon".^[3] In 1912, Bloch-Bauer again sat for Klimt for a portrait, which became the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II.^[6]

In sitting for Klimt twice, she is the only verified person to be painted by the artist twice in full length.^[6] Bloch-Bauer became a Viennese socialite, regularly hosting artists and authors in her salon.^[7] Among the many people she hosted were conductors Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss.^[8] She also socialized with royalty, and high nobility including Prince Adolph Schwarzenberg.^[9]

Maria Altmann, the niece of Bloch-Bauer, stated:

[Bloch-Bauer was a] rather cold, intellectual woman who was very politically aware and became a socialist. She wasn't happy. It was an arranged marriage but she was childless, after two miscarriages and the death of a baby. I remember her as extremely elegant, tall, dark and thin. She always wore a slinky white dress and used a long, gold cigarette holder.^[3]

In 1925, Bloch-Bauer died of meningitis.^[10]

Paintings

Klimt's website says that Bloch-Bauer was his mistress. He painted her at least twice.^[1]^{[better source needed]} The first portrait was a gift to Adele's parents. Some artists also think Adele Bloch-Bauer might be the woman in The Kiss and Judith and the Head of Holofernes.^[11]

Legal case

During World War II, the Nazis stole Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I from Bloch-Bauer's family. It ended up in the Belvedere Gallery.^[11]

In Republic of Austria v. Altmann in 2004, Adele Bloch-Bauer's niece, Maria Altmann, tried to get the painting back from the Belvedere Gallery. The Supreme Court of the United States said the painting was Altmann's. Because Altmann could not pay for insurance and storage, she sold the painting to Ronald Lauder to put in the Neue Gallery in New York City.^[11]

Legacy

Bloch-Bauer was the subject of the 2009 children's book Adorable Adele by Peter Stephan Jungk.^[12]

In 2016, the city of Vienna named a street, Bloch-Bauer Promenade, after her and her husband.^[11]

In popular culture

The 2015 documentary film Adele's Wish^[13] recounts Maria Altmann legal battle to recover five Gustav Klimt paintings stolen by the Nazis in 1938.

The 2015 film Woman in Gold is also about Maria Altmann's case. Adele Bloch-Bauer is shown in flashbacks.

In the German-Italian children's series Mia and Me (2012), the teenager Mia is transported into a world of elves. The king and queen of the elves wear dresses that very closely resemble Adele's in the Woman in Gold painting.

First-hand anecdotes of Adele by her niece Maria Altmann appear throughout 2012's The Accidental Caregiver, a memoir written by her millennial caregiver, about Altmann's upbringing in Vienna.^[14]^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, 1907 by Gustav Klimt". Gustav Klimt. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
^ Elana Shapira (June 23, 2021). "Adele Bloch-Bauer". Jewish Women's Archive. The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bradley, Kimberly (September 20, 2016). "The mysterious muse of Gustav Klimt". BBC. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Gustav Klimt and Adele Bloch-Bauer: The Woman in Gold Historical Timeline" (PDF). Neue Galerie. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ Glaberson, William (April 14, 2005). "For Betrayal by Swiss Bank and Nazis, $21 Million". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Cascone, Sarah (June 30, 2016). "Gustav Klimt's Adele Bloch-Bauer Paintings to Be Reunited at Neue Galerie". Artnet. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ "The Other "Woman in Gold"". Moment. 2015. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ Rusu, Ruxi (November 11, 2021). "Republic of Austria vs. Altmann: Klimt Goes to Court!". Daily Art Magazine. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ Anne Marie, O'Connor (2015). The Lady in Gold. Knopf. p. 44. ISBN 9781101873120.
^ Cohen, Patricia (March 30, 2015). "The Story Behind 'Woman in Gold': Nazi Art Thieves and One Paintings Return". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kimberly Bradley (September 20, 2016). "The mysterious muse of Gustav Klimt". BBC. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
^ Jungk, Peter Stephan (2009). Adorable Adele. Neue Galerie New York. ISBN 9781931794183.
^ "Adele's Wish".
^ Collins, Gregor (27 March 2015). "The Guardian".
^ "The Accidental Caregiver Austrian Cultural Forum". Archived from the original on 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2024-08-30.