Activation-induced cell death

AICD (activation-induced cell death) is programmed cell death caused by the interaction of Fas receptors (Fas, CD95) and Fas ligands (FasL, CD95 ligand).[1] AICD is a negative regulator of activated T lymphocytes that results from repeated stimulation of their T-cell receptors (TCR) and helps to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.[2] Alteration of the process may lead to autoimmune diseases.[1]

The AICD effector cell is one that expresses FasL, and apoptosis is induced in the cell expressing the Fas receptor. Both activated T cells and B cells express Fas and undergo clonal deletion by the AICD mechanism.[3][4] Activated T cells that express both Fas and FasL may be killed by themselves or by each other.[1]

Signaling

See also: ligand, receptor, and procaspase

The binding of Fas ligand to Fas receptor triggers trimerization of Fas, whose cytoplasmic domain is then able to bind the death domain of the adaptor protein FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain). Procaspase 8 binds to FADD's death effector domain (DED) and proteolytically self-activates as caspase 8. Fas, FADD, and procaspase 8 together form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Activated caspase 8 is released into the cytosol, where it activates the caspase cascade that initiates apoptosis.[5][1]

Regulation of Fas-FasL and AICD

FasL is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. (The other option is regulation of the signal emanating from the death receptor itself, controlling sensitivity to the induction of apoptosis.)[3] NFAT activated by TCR stimulation activates FasL transcription, possibly indirectly by upregulating early growth response proteins.[1] T cell activation-induced transcription of FasL is further regulated by c-Myc–MAX heterodimers, and can be blocked by c-Myc downregulation.[1] Interferon regulatory factors IRF1 and IRF2 also upregulate FasL transcription by directly binding to the FasL promoter.[1]

Not much is known about the regulation of Fas and other death receptors. However, overexpression of the protein CFLAR (caspase and FADD-like apoptosis regulator) inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Zhang J, Xu X, Liu Y. (2004), Activation-Induced Cell Death in T Cells and Autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 1(3):186-92
  2. ^ Kabelitz D, Janssen O. (1997), Antigen-induced death of T-lymphocytes. Front Biosci. 2:d61-77
  3. ^ a b Green DR, Droin N, Pinkoski M. (2003), Activation-induced cell death in T cells. Immunol Rev. 193:70-81
  4. ^ Donjerković D, Scott DW. (2000), Activation-induced cell death in B lymphocytes. Cell Res. 10(3):179-92
  5. ^ Nagata S. (1997), Apoptosis by death factor. Cell. 88(3):355-65
  6. ^ Scaffidi C, Schmitz I, Krammer PH, Peter ME. (1999é, The role of c-FLIP in modulation of CD95-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 274:1541–1548

Read other articles:

Ikurō Teshima

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Abraham Ikurō Teshima (手島アブラハム郁郎code: ja is deprecated , Teshima Abraham Ikurō) (1910 – 24 Desember 1973) adalah pendiri gerakan keagamaan Makuya. Berasal dari Kumamoto, Jepang, ia dibaptis sebagai Protestan dalam usia lima belas...

 

Katedral La Paz Baja California Sur

Katedral La Paz Baja California SurKatedral Bunda PerdamaianSpanyol: Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Pazcode: es is deprecated Katedral La Paz Baja California SurLokasiLa PazNegaraMeksikoDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan La Paz di Baja California Sur Interior Katedral Bunda Perdamaian[1] (Spanyol: Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Pazcode: es is deprecated )[2] atau Katedral La Paz adalah sebuah gereja k...

 

Ascenso MX

Second tier of the football pyramid of professional football league in Mexico This article is about the Mexican Second tier football division. For the Costa Rican Second tier football division, see Segunda División de Costa Rica. Football leagueAscenso MXFounded1994; 30 years ago (1994)Folded2020; 4 years ago (2020)CountryMexicoConfederationCONCACAFNumber of teams12Level on pyramid2Promotion toLiga MXRelegation toLiga PremierSerie ADomestic cup(s)Copa MX S...

Keuskupan Agung Cuzco

Koordinat: 13°30′59″S 71°58′41″W / 13.516276°S 71.977926°W / -13.516276; -71.977926 Keuskupan Agung CuscoArchidioecesis CuschensisBasilika Katedral Bunda dari KenaikanLokasiNegara PeruStatistikLuas23.807 km2 (9.192 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2014)1.594.0001,538,000 (90.6%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinKatedralCatedral Basílica de la Virgen de la AsunciónKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupRichard Daniel Alarcon U...

 

Saronno Foot Ball Club 1951-1952

Voce principale: Saronno Foot-Ball Club 1910. Saronno Foot Ball ClubStagione 1951-1952Sport calcio Squadra Saronno Allenatore Felice Renoldi Presidente Gino Colombo Serie C11º posto nel girone A. Retrocesso in IV Serie. 1950-1951 1959-1960 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti il Saronno Foot Ball Club nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1951-1952. Rosa N. Ruolo Calciatore A R. Broggini A P. Caretti A M. Crippa C Donzelli C L. ...

 

Saint-Paul-lès-Monestier

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Saint-Paul. Saint-Paul-lès-Monestier Vue générale de Saint-Paul-lès-Monestier vue par le hameau de Rivoiranche. Administration Pays France Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département Isère Arrondissement Grenoble Intercommunalité Communauté de communes du Trièves Maire Mandat Béatrice Vial 2020-2026 Code postal 38650 Code commune 38438 Démographie Gentilé Sainpaullou Populationmunicipale 279 hab. (2021 ) Densité 20 hab./km2 Géographie C...

1st AIBA European 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament

Boxing competitions 2008Tournament detailsHost nationItalyDatesFebruary 25 – March 1Teams21Venue(s)1 (in 1 host city)Official websitetournament website← PreviousNext → 1st AIBA European Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament was held from February 25 – March 1, 2008 in Roseto degli Abruzzi-Pescara, Italy. During the tournament 250 boxers from 40 countries competed for 26 Olympic qualifying places in 11 different weight categories. Qualifying 40 teams participated in this tournament...

 

Cybersex trafficking

Online sexual exploitation Sex and the law Social issues Consent Reproductive rights Homophobia (Criminalization · Capital punishment) LGBT rights (Conversion therapy · Decriminalization · Civil union · Same-sex marriage · Adoption · Intersex · Transgender) Age of consent Marriageable age Pedophile advocacy Deviant sexual intercourse Miscegenation Norms Public morality Antisexualism Ethics Objectification Pornography Laws Prostitution law Red-light district Reproductive rights Right to...

 

Quirine Lemoine

Quirine Lemoine Quirine Lemoine nel 2017 al Roland Garros Nazionalità  Paesi Bassi Tennis Termine carriera 2022[1] Carriera Singolare1 Vittorie/sconfitte 297 - 180 Titoli vinti 0 WTA, 19 ITF Miglior ranking 137º (3 luglio 2017) Risultati nei tornei del Grande Slam  Australian Open Q1 (2017, 2019)  Roland Garros 1T (2017)  Wimbledon Q1 (2017)  US Open Q2 (2019) Doppio1 Vittorie/sconfitte 192 - 82 Titoli vinti 1 WTA, 27 ITF Miglior ranking 116º (14 agosto 20...

Wellington Hospital, London

Hospital in London, EnglandWellington HospitalHospital Corporation of AmericaWellington Hospital South BuildingLocation in WestminsterGeographyLocationLondon, NW8United KingdomCoordinates51°31′57″N 0°10′21″W / 51.5325°N 0.1726°W / 51.5325; -0.1726OrganisationCare systemPrivateTypeSpecialistServicesEmergency departmentNoHelipadNoHistoryOpenedApril 1974LinksWebsitewww.thewellingtonhospital.com The Wellington Hospital in St John's Wood, London is the largest ...

 

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

New People's Party (Hong Kong)

Political party in Hong Kong New People's Party 新民黨ChairpersonRegina IpExecutive Vice ChairmanLai Tung-kwokDeputy ChairpersonsPun Kwok-shanEunice YungJohnny HonFounded9 January 2011; 13 years ago (2011-01-09)HeadquartersFlats D-F, 11/F China Overseas Building,139 HennessyRoad, Wan Chai,Hong KongYouth wingNew People's PartyYouth CommitteeMembership (2019) 850IdeologyConservatism (HK)Chinese nationalismRegional affiliationPro-Beijing campColours   Blue and...

State tax levels in the United States

Top Marginal State Income Tax Rate Indicate both the tax burden and the services a state can afford to provide residents This article is part of a series onTaxation in the United States Federal taxation Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Generation-skipping transfer tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Internal Revenue Code (IRC) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Prot...

 

1994 Brent London Borough Council election

1994 local election in England, UK This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2019) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to a...

 

Doheny Library

Library on University of Southern California campus This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Doheny Library – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Doheny LibraryDoheny Library34°01′12″N 118°17′02″W / 34.0201�...

Theo Snelders

Dutch former professional footballer (born 1963) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Theo Snelders – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to ...

 

طواف دوبس 2015

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (فبراير 2019) طواف دوبس 2015 تفاصيل السباقسلسلة31. طواف دوبسمسابقاتطواف أوروبا للدراجات 2015كأس فرنسا لركوب الدراجات على ا...

 

Peuple cavalier

Cosaque avec son cheval à Alexandropol : photo de Dimitri Ermakov. L'expression peuple cavalier désigne des peuples, en général nomades et vivant sous la tente ou la yourte, qui entretiennent ou ont entretenu un fort lien historique et culturel avec les chevaux. Cet animal est ou fut au centre de leur existence, assurant leurs déplacements comme leurs campagnes guerrières. Spécificités Une des caractéristiques communes des peuples cavaliers, est l'apprentissage de l'équitation ...

Pyšely

Town in Central Bohemian, Czech RepublicPyšelyTownChurch of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross FlagCoat of armsPyšelyLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°52′30″N 14°40′42″E / 49.87500°N 14.67833°E / 49.87500; 14.67833Country Czech RepublicRegionCentral BohemianDistrictBenešovFirst mentioned1295Government • MayorŠtěpánka BednářováArea • Total12.81 km2 (4.95 sq mi)Elevation372 m (1,220 ft)P...

 

Senado romano

Este artículo o sección tiene referencias, pero necesita más para complementar su verificabilidad. Busca fuentes: «Senado romano» – noticias · libros · académico · imágenesEste aviso fue puesto el 10 de octubre de 2021. Senado RomanoSenātus Rōmānus Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)Información generalÁmbito Imperio romanoTipo UnicameralComposiciónMiembros 900Duración VIII a. C. hasta VI d. C [editar datos en Wikidata] El último S...