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Red bidibid
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Acaena
Species:	A. novae-zelandiae
Binomial name
	Acaena novae-zelandiae; Kirk

Acaena novae-zelandiae, commonly known as red bidibid,^[1] bidgee-widgee,^[2] buzzy^[3] and piri-piri bur,^[4] is a small herbaceous, prostrate perennial, native to New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea,^[5] of the family Rosaceae.^[1]

Description

Acaena novae-zelandiae is a small herbaceous perennial. It is stoloniferous with prostrate stems of 1.5 – 2 mm diameter.^[5] Damage to stolons encourages new shoots to be produced.^[6]

It has imparipinnate leaves, with 9–15 toothed, oblong leaflets, which are approximately 2 –11 cm long.^[5] The adaxial surface of the leaves is dark green and shiny, and the abaxial surface is hairy and glaucous green in colouration.^[2]^[5]^[7] The rachis of the leaves is often red.^[5]

The scape is 10 – 15 cm long^[5] and bears a globular, terminal inflorescence, of 20 – 25 mm diameter,^[2] with 70 – 100 flowers.^[5]^[7] The flowers lack petals and can range in colour from green to white or purple.^[8] The flowers are wind pollinated.^[6]

Each flower produces one achene, bearing four approximately 10 mm long spines,^[2] tipped with barbs,^[2]^[5]^[7] which aid dispersal by attaching to wool, feathers and various clothing materials.^[9] When the fruit are ripe, these spines are red in colouration, later becoming brown.

Taxonomy and naming

Acaena novae-zelandiae was first formally described in 1871 by Thomas Kirk who published the description in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute.^[10]^[11] The genus name (Acaena) is derived from the Ancient Greek word akaina meaning "thorn" or "spine",^[12] referring to the spiny calyx of many species of Acaena. The specific epithet (novae-zelandiae) refers to New Zealand.^[1]

Distribution and habitat

Red bidibid is native to New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea. It has also become naturalised in California, Great Britain and Ireland.^[5] It is regarded as invasive in Great Britain where it has established itself in places such as dune habitats on Lindisfarne.^[13]^[14]

It occurs within a wide range of habitats, including woodlands, shrublands and grasslands, from coastal areas to alpine areas.^[2]^[7] It grows in freely draining soils such as silty and sandy loams, typically on sites which receive a high amount of sunlight.^[7]

It also establishes readily on disturbed sites such as roadsides.^[9]

Uses

Acaena novae-zelandiae may be used for ground cover in gardens or as a lawn substitute. This plant can be prevented from spreading by limiting disturbance to stolons, thus reducing vegetative propagation,^[6] and by mowing flowers before the burrs form.^[15]

It has also been suggested that dried "tiny tips"^[16] of young succulent leaves may be brewed as tea.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Acaena novae-zelandiae". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Australia, Victorian Resources Online, Agriculture Victoria. "Bidgee-widgee". vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 12 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "View By Common Name | Tamar Valley Weed Strategy". weeds.asn.au. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ "Pirri-pirri-bur". IWSL. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Webb, C; Sykes, W; Garnock-Jones, P; Given, D (1988). Flora of New Zealand : Volume IV, Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Christchurch, NZ: Botany Division, D.S.I.R. p. 1062.
^ ^a ^b ^c Agriculture, California Department of Food and. "CDFA > PLANT > INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL > Encycloweedia > Noxious Weed Photographic Gallery > Acaena genus". cdfa.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gynn, E; Richards, A (1985). "Acaena Novae-Zelandiae T. Kirk". Journal of Ecology. 73 (3): 1055–1063. doi:10.2307/2260167. JSTOR 2260167.
^ "Bidgee-widgee". Grains Research and Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b Mount, A; Pickering, C (2009). "Testing the capacity of clothing to act as a vector for non-native seed in protected areas". Journal of Environmental Management. 91 (1): 168–179. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.002. hdl:10072/29656. PMID 19717222.
^ "Acaena novae-zelandiae". APNI. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
^ Kirk, Thomas (1871). "Descriptions of new plants". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 3: 177–178. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 796.
^ "Pirri-pirri-bur". Plant Life. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
^ "Pirri-pirri burr (Acaena novae-zelandiae)". GB non-native secretariat. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Bidgee-widgee – Victorian Native Seed". Victorian Native Seed. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Plants for the water friendly garden" (PDF). City of Clarence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ "Plants of Tasmania Nursery & Gardens". potn.com.au. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
^ Hopkins, Kat; Alexander, Mark. "Edible Native Plants of Tasmania" (PDF).

[NZPCN-1] "Acaena novae-zelandiae". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[:1-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Australia, Victorian Resources Online, Agriculture Victoria. "Bidgee-widgee". vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 12 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] "View By Common Name | Tamar Valley Weed Strategy". weeds.asn.au. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[4] "Pirri-pirri-bur". IWSL. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[:0-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Webb, C; Sykes, W; Garnock-Jones, P; Given, D (1988). Flora of New Zealand : Volume IV, Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Christchurch, NZ: Botany Division, D.S.I.R. p. 1062.

[:3-6] Agriculture, California Department of Food and. "CDFA > PLANT > INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL > Encycloweedia > Noxious Weed Photographic Gallery > Acaena genus". cdfa.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[:2-7] Gynn, E; Richards, A (1985). "Acaena Novae-Zelandiae T. Kirk". Journal of Ecology. 73 (3): 1055–1063. doi:10.2307/2260167. JSTOR 2260167.

[8] "Bidgee-widgee". Grains Research and Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[:4-9] Mount, A; Pickering, C (2009). "Testing the capacity of clothing to act as a vector for non-native seed in protected areas". Journal of Environmental Management. 91 (1): 168–179. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.002. hdl:10072/29656. PMID 19717222.

[APNI-10] "Acaena novae-zelandiae". APNI. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[Kirk-11] Kirk, Thomas (1871). "Descriptions of new plants". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 3: 177–178. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[RWB-12] Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 796.

[plantlife-13] "Pirri-pirri-bur". Plant Life. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[GB-14] "Pirri-pirri burr (Acaena novae-zelandiae)". GB non-native secretariat. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[:5-15] "Bidgee-widgee – Victorian Native Seed". Victorian Native Seed. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[:6-16] "Plants for the water friendly garden" (PDF). City of Clarence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[17] "Plants of Tasmania Nursery & Gardens". potn.com.au. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[18] Hopkins, Kat; Alexander, Mark. "Edible Native Plants of Tasmania" (PDF).

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Acaena novae-zelandiae

Description

Taxonomy and naming

Distribution and habitat

Uses

References

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