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Abusir
	Abusir in 2006
	Shown within Northern Egypt
Location	Egypt
Region	Giza Governorate
Coordinates	29°54′N 31°12′E / 29.9°N 31.2°E
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: (i)(iii)(vi)
Designated	1979 (3rd session)
Part of	Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Reference no.	86-002

Busiri
in hieroglyphs

Abusir (Arabic: ابو صير Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [æbuˈsˤiːɾ]; Egyptian pr wsjr; Coptic: ⲃⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ busiri, "the resting place of Osiris"; Ancient Greek: Βούσιρις) is the name given to an ancient Egyptian archaeological pyramid complex comprising the ruins of 4 kings' pyramids dating to the Old Kingdom period, and is part of the Pyramid Fields of the Memphis and its Necropolis UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[1]

The pyramid complex is named after the neighbouring village of Abusir, in the markaz (county) of Badrashin, Giza.^[2] The Abusir pyramid complex is located on the Western Desert plateau at the edge of the cultivated plain, with the Giza Pyramids to its north, and Saqqara to its south, and served as one of the main elite cemeteries for the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis. Several other villages in northern and southern Egypt are named Abusir or Busiri.

The locality of Abusir took its turn as the focus of the prestigious western burial rites operating out of the then-capital of Memphis during the Old Kingdom 5th Dynasty. As an elite cemetery, neighbouring Giza had by then "filled up" with the massive pyramids and other monuments of the 4th Dynasty, leading the 5th Dynasty pharaohs to seek sites elsewhere for their own funerary monuments.

Abusir was the origin of the largest find of Old Kingdom papyri to date — the Abusir Papyri. In the late nineteenth century, a number of Western museums acquired collections of fragmentary papyri from the administrative (temple) records of one Abusir funerary cult, that of king Neferirkare Kakai. This discovery was supplemented in the late twentieth century when excavations by a Czech expedition to the site revealed papyri from two other cult complexes, that of the pharaoh Neferefre (also read Raneferef) and for the king's mother Khentkaus II.

The Czech Institute of Egyptology of the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague has been conducting excavations at Abusir since 1960, beginning with the mastaba of Ptahshepses, directed by Zbyněk Žába. The concession was extended since 1976 with the southern part of the royal necropolis, directed by Miroslav Verner. Since 1991, the institute excavates also at the site of Abusir South. The excavations are presently directed by Miroslav Bárta.

There are considerable catacombs near the ancient town of Busiris, as stated in (Pliny xxxvi. 12. s. 16). To the south of Busiris one great cemetery appears to have stretched over the plain. The Heptanomite Busiris was in fact a hamlet standing at one extremity of the necropolis of Memphis.

Necropolis

Earliest tombs on the site are from the Early Dynastic Period, First Dynasty. Tombs, including stairway tombs, were uncovered north of pyramid field.^[3]

There are a total of 4 kings' pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty; perhaps signalling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low quality local stone. All of the major pyramids at Abusir were built as step pyramids, although the largest of them—the Pyramid of Neferirkare—is believed to have originally been built as a step pyramid some seventy metres in height and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.

A map and complete list of excavated structures until the year 2019 is available in Bárta et al. (2020).^[4] The map is also published online as a searchable application.^[5]

Major pyramids

The three major royal pyramids are

the earliest, Pyramid of Sahure, known for its finely carved reliefs
the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, the tallest pyramid at the site
the Pyramid of Niuserre, the most intact pyramid at the site

The two unfinished royal pyramids are

the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre^[6]
the unfinished pyramid of Shepseskare? ^[7]

Smaller pyramids

the pyramid of Queen Khentkaus II, wife of Neferirkare and mother of Neferefre and Niuserre^[8]
Lepsius Pyramid no. 24 — The pyramid belonged to a woman, likely a queen. The name of the vizier Ptahshepses appears among builders' marks, which dates the pyramid to the time of Pharaoh Nyuserre ^[7]
Lepsius Pyramid no. 25 — Likely the pyramid of a queen from the Fifth Dynasty ^[7]

Mastabas of courtiers

The tombs of several high officials and family members are located in the direct vicinity of their king's pyramid:

the mastaba of Ptahshepses (vizier under Nyuserre)^[9]

Four mastabas south-east of the pyramid complex of Raneferef create a so-called "Nakthsare" cemetery, presumably tombs of the persons related to King Raneferef:

the mastaba of Prince Nakhtsare (son of Raneferef or Nyuserre)
the mastaba of "count" Kakaibaef
the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III, likely a spouse of Raneferef
the mastaba of anonymous owner AS 31

Abusir South

Directly north of Saqqara is a cemetery of lower-ranking officials of the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. The earliest First Dynasty tombs are on the so-called "Bonnet cemetery" named after Hans Bonnet, who published the site.^[10] It was excavated in 1910 by Georg Steindorff and Uvo Hölscher. Recently, copper artefacts in the collection of Leipzig University, from the site, were studied. One vessel, ÄMUL 2162, was made of a peculiar material, arsenical copper with nickel, which could be imported to Egypt.^[11]

The Old Kingdom cemetery at Abusir South includes the following tombs:

the tomb of Ity (early Fourth Dynasty)^[12]
the tomb of Hetepi (priest, beginning of Third Dynasty)^[13]
the tomb of Nyankhseshat (property custodian of the king, early Fourth Dynasty), with a stela of a Fifth-Dynasty official Sekhemka and his presumed spouse Henutsen^[14]
the tomb of Kaaper (architect and priest, early Fifth Dynasty)^[12]
the tomb of Rahotep (priest, end of Fifth Dynasty)
the tomb of Fetekti (priest, end of Fifth Dynasty)
the tomb of Qar and his sons (vizier, early Sixth Dynasty, sons from late Sixth Dynasty, reign of Pepi II Neferkare)^[15]
the rock cut tomb of New Kingdom Nakhtmin (charioteer)^[16]

Saite-Persian cemetery

On a small hill directly south of the pyramid of Neferefre is a cemetery of tombs from the Saite period:

the tomb of Udjahorresnet^[17]
the tomb of Iufaa^[18]
the tomb of Menekhibneko^[19]
the tomb of Padihor
tomb R3

A temple

Also found at Abusir were substantial remains of a Ramesside temple, perhaps built by Ramses II. The temple lies about 500 meters south east of the pyramids, close to the cultivation in the desert. The main building of the temple was built of limestone. There were three cellars, a small hall with four columns and a courtyard (with mudbrick walls) with ten limestone columns. The limestone building was placed within a larger complex made of mud bricks with a pylon and magazines.^[20] The temple seems to have been dedicated to the solar cult, in particular the gods Ra, Amun, and Nekhbet. Fragments of polychrome reliefs and numerous examples of the titles of Ramesses II have been recovered.^[21] The temple was built above the mud brick tombs of Third and Fifth Dynasty.^[22]

Site looting during 2011 protests

Abusir, Saqqara and Dahshur suffered damage by looters during the 2011 Egyptian protests. Part of the false door from the tomb of the priest Rahotep was stolen, and store rooms were broken into.^[23]^[24] The looted structures are mapped out e.g. in this article.^[25]

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh),^[26] as the rest of Egypt.

Climate data for Abusir
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	19.6 (67.3)	21.2 (70.2)	24.5 (76.1)	29 (84)	32.9 (91.2)	35.3 (95.5)	35.5 (95.9)	35.2 (95.4)	32.9 (91.2)	30.7 (87.3)	25.9 (78.6)	21.4 (70.5)	28.7 (83.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.5 (56.3)	14.5 (58.1)	17.5 (63.5)	21.1 (70.0)	24.8 (76.6)	27.5 (81.5)	28.4 (83.1)	28.3 (82.9)	26.2 (79.2)	24.1 (75.4)	19.8 (67.6)	15.4 (59.7)	21.8 (71.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	7.4 (45.3)	7.9 (46.2)	10.6 (51.1)	13.3 (55.9)	16.8 (62.2)	19.8 (67.6)	21.3 (70.3)	21.4 (70.5)	19.5 (67.1)	17.5 (63.5)	13.7 (56.7)	9.4 (48.9)	14.9 (58.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	4 (0.2)	3 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	1 (0.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.1)	4 (0.2)	16 (0.7)
Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 18m^[26]

References

^ "Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ "Markaz al-Badrashin Map". www.giza.gov.eg. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
^ Radwan, Ali (1991). "Ein Treppengrab der 1. Dynastie aus Abusir". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 47: 305–308.
^ Bárta, Miroslav; Brůna, Vladimír; Bareš, Ladislav; Krejčí, Jaromír; Dulíková, Veronika; Odler, Martin; Vymazalová, Hana (2020). "Map of archaeological features in Abusir" (PDF). Prague Egyptological Studies. 25: 7–34.
^ Brůna, Vladimír (2019). "Map of the archaeological objects in Abusir". Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ Verner, Miroslav (2006). The pyramid complex of Raneferef. Abusir. Prague: Czech Institute of egyptology, Faculty of arts, Charles university in Prague Academia, publishing house of the academy of sciences of the Czech Republic. ISBN 978-80-200-1357-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). ISBN 0-8021-3935-3
^ Verner, Miroslav; Posener-Kriéger, Paule; Jánosi, Peter, eds. (1995). The Pyramid complex of Khentkaus. Abusir. Praha: Univ. Carolina Pragensis Acad. ISBN 978-80-7066-909-9.
^ Krejčí, Jaromír (2009). The architecture of the mastaba of Ptahshepses. Abusir. Praha: Czech Institute of Egyptology. ISBN 978-80-200-1728-4.
^ Bonnet, Hans (1928). Ein frühgeschichtliches Gräberfeld bei Abusir (in German) (1 ed.). Leipzig: Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung.
^ Kmošek, Jiří; Odler, Martin; Fikrle, Marek; Kochergina, Yulia V. (2018). "Invisible connections. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egyptian metalwork in the Egyptian Museum of Leipzig University". Journal of Archaeological Science. 96: 191–207. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.04.004 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ ^a ^b Bárta, Miroslav (2001). The cemeteries at Abusir South I (1 ed.). Praha: Czech Institut of Egyptology. ISBN 978-80-86277-18-9.
^ Abusir XIX: Tomb of Hetepi (AS 20), Tombs AS 33-35 and AS 50-53. Excavations of the Czech institute of egyptology. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of arts. 2010. ISBN 978-80-7308-325-0.
^ Odler, Martin; Peterková Hlouchová, Marie; Dulíková, Veronika (2021). "A unique piece of Old Kingdom art: the Funerary Stela of Sekhemka and Henutsen from Abusir South". Ägypten und Levante (in German). 31: 403–424. doi:10.1553/AEundL31s403. ISSN 1015-5104.
^ Bárta, Miroslav (2009). Abusir South 2: tomb complex of the vizier Qar, his sons Qar Junior and Senedjemib, and Iykai. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology Dryada. ISBN 978-80-87025-21-5.
^ Daoud, Khaled Abdalla; Farag, Sabry; Eyre, Christopher J. (2016). "Nakht-Min: Ramesses II's charioteer and envoy". Egyptian Archaeology. 48: 9–13.
^ Bareš, Ladislav; Smoláriková, Květa, eds. (1999). The shaft tomb of Udjahorresnet at Abusir (1. vyd ed.). Praha: Universitas Carolina Pragensis, The Karolinum Press. ISBN 978-80-7184-822-6.
^ Bareš, Ladislav; Smoláriková, Květa (2008). The shaft tomb of Iufaa. Abusir. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. ISBN 978-80-7308-238-3.
^ Bareš, Ladislav; Smoláriková, Květa (2011). Abusir XXV: the shaft tomb of Menekhibnekau. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology (1 ed.). Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. ISBN 978-80-7308-380-9.
^ M. Bárta, L. Varadzin, J. Janák, J. Mynářová, V. Brůna: The temple of Ramesses II in Abusir, in Egyptian Archaeology, Spring 2018, 52, 10-14
^ "Abusir Necropolis | Ancient Egypt Online". Retrieved 2022-07-25.
^ Odler, Martin; Peterková Hlouchová, Marie; Arias Kytnarová, Katarína; Havelková, Petra (2018). "New Egyptian tomb type found at Abusir South? Report on the excavations of mud brick complex AS 103" (PDF). Prague Egyptological Studies. 21: 27–34.
^ "Egyptological Looting Database 2011".
^ "iDNES.cz".
^ Odler, Martin; Dulíková, Veronika; Juřičková, Lucie (2013). "Molluscs from the Stone and Mud-brick Tombs in Abusir (Egypt) and the Provenance of so-called "Nile-mud"" (PDF). Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica - Natural Sciences in Archaeology. IV (1): 9–22. doi:10.24916/iansa.2013.1.1.
^ ^a ^b "Climate: Abu Sir - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 28 October 2013.