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Abu Qir

ابو قير
Abu Qir ابو قير
	Top left: 10th of Ramadan Mosque; Top right: memorial statue of a muslim warrior; Bottom: beach at the north of the town
	Abu Qir Location in Egypt
	Coordinates: 31°19′N 30°04′E / 31.317°N 30.067°E
Country	Egypt
Governorate	Alexandria Governorate
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)

31°19′N 30°04′E / 31.317°N 30.067°E / 31.317; 30.067

Abu Qir (Arabic: ابو قير, Abu Qīr, [æbuˈ] or [æbo ʔiːɾ], Coptic: ⲁⲡⲁⲕⲩⲣⲓ Apakyri), formerly also spelled Abukir or Aboukir,^[1] is a town on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, near the ruins of ancient Canopus and 23 kilometers (14 mi) northeast of Alexandria by rail. It is located on Abu Qir Peninsula, with Abu Qir Bay to the east.

Name

The town's present name is Arabic for "Father Cyrus", one of a pair of fourth century Christian martyrs venerated as Saints Cyrus and John by the Coptic Church.^[1]

History

The remains of many ancient buildings from the Egyptian, Greek and Roman periods can be found near the town. About 3 kilometers (2 mi) southeast of the town are the ruins of the Ancient Egyptian coastal town of Canopus. A little farther east, the now-dry Canopic branch of the Nile once entered the Mediterranean.^[2]

The wide Abu Qir Bay (Khalīj Abū Qīr) stretches eastward from the town as far as the Rosetta mouth of the Nile. On 1 August 1798 the bay was the location of the Battle of the Nile, fought by the British Admiral Horatio Nelson. The battle is often referred to as the "Battle of Aboukir Bay", though this title is more properly applied to Battle of Abukir of 1799, an engagement between the French expeditionary army and the Turks under Mustapha Pasha fought on 25 July the following year.^[3] Later in the war, on 8 March 1801 at the beginning of the Battle of Alexandria, units of the British army commanded by Sir Ralph Abercromby landed from their transports near the town, and faced strenuous opposition from General Louis Friant's French forces entrenched on the beach.^[4] The battle continued further down the peninsula toward Alexandria and did not end until 22 March.^[4]

The town contains a castle that was used as a state prison by Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century.^[2] The prison was known as Liman Abu Qir.^[5]

In 2000, an Italian archaeological team discovered the remains of British officers, sailors, marines, women, and children on Nelson's Island, which lies in the bay.^[6]^[7]

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), but it lies at the northern coast of Egypt, moderating its temperatures. Due to its proximity to Alexandria, it has a very similar climate. The wettest places in Egypt are Rafah, Alexandria, Abu Qir, Rosetta, Baltim, Kafr El Dawwar, Mersa Matruh.

Climate data for Abu Qir
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	17.8 (64.0)	18.4 (65.1)	20.6 (69.1)	23.5 (74.3)	26.6 (79.9)	29 (84)	29.7 (85.5)	30.6 (87.1)	29.7 (85.5)	28.2 (82.8)	24.5 (76.1)	20.1 (68.2)	24.9 (76.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.7 (56.7)	14.3 (57.7)	16 (61)	18.5 (65.3)	21.6 (70.9)	24.6 (76.3)	25.9 (78.6)	26.5 (79.7)	25.5 (77.9)	23.5 (74.3)	20 (68)	15.9 (60.6)	20.5 (68.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	9.7 (49.5)	10.2 (50.4)	11.4 (52.5)	13.6 (56.5)	16.7 (62.1)	20.3 (68.5)	22.1 (71.8)	22.5 (72.5)	21.4 (70.5)	18.9 (66.0)	15.6 (60.1)	11.7 (53.1)	16.2 (61.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	52 (2.0)	31 (1.2)	9 (0.4)	2 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	7 (0.3)	28 (1.1)	52 (2.0)	183 (7.2)
Source: Climate-Data.org^[8]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Griffith (1911).
^ ^a ^b Chisholm (1911).
^ Connelly, Owen (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns (third ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-7425-5317-0.
^ ^a ^b Farwell, Byron (2001). "Aboukir / Abukir". The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-393-04770-7.
^ Fahmy, Khaled (2004). "Chapter 15: Towards a Social History of Modern Alexandria". In Hirst, Anthony; Silk, Michael (eds.). Alexandria, Real and Imagined. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. pp. 281–306, page 285. ISBN 978-0-7546-3890-2.
^ Slope, Nick (17 February 2011). "Women in Nelson's Navy: Burials on Nelson's Island". BBC News.
^ "Reburial for Nelson's comrades". BBC News. 18 April 2005.
^ "Climate: Abu Qir - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 17 August 2013.

References

Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Canopus" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 23
Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1911), "Canopus" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 203

Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Aboukir", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 1 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 69