The squadron was first activated on 15 April 1942 at Harding Field as the 11th Reconnaissance Squadron. Since a reorganization of General Headquarters Air Force in September 1936, each bombardment group of the Army Air Forces (AAF) had an attached reconnaissance squadron, which operated the same aircraft as that group's assigned bombardment squadrons.[3] That arrangement continued for units like the 39th that were designated as medium and heavy bombardment units.[4] This distinction was eliminated a week after the squadron was activated, when it was redesignated the 401st Bombardment Squadron, along with the Army Air Forces' other medium and heavy reconnaissance units. It completed First Phase training at MacDill Field under Third Air Force, with Second and Third Phase training at Walla Walla Army Air Field under Second Air Force in Washington.[5][6] The squadron's ground echelon left for Fort Dix in early September 1942, then boarded the RMS Queen Mary for transport to England. The air echelon moved to Gowen Field, Idaho on 24 August 1942, and began receiving new B-17s there. It becan flying them from Dow Field, Maine in September, although it was not fully equipped with new aircraft until October.[1][6]
Until the middle of 1943, The squadron concentrated its attacks on naval targets, including submarine pens, dockyards, ship construction facilities and harbors, although it also struck airfields, factories, and communications facilities. On 27 January 1943, the unit attacked the Kriegsmarine yard at Wilhelmshaven as part of the first penetration by bombers of VIII Bomber Command to a target in Germany. On 4 March 1943, it attacked marshalling yards at Hamm, Germany despite adverse weather and heavy enemy opposition. For this action, it was awarded its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[8]
Losses to the first units of VII Bomber Command in this period, when fighter cover was limited, were severe. The 401st flew in the "vertical wedge" formation in an attack on Bremen on 17 April. The squadron's six B-17s formed the "low squadron", the most vulnerable part of the formation. In intense fighter attacks all six were shot down.[9] While the squadron had entered combat in November 1942 with a strength of 90 aircrew, by February 1943, it had lost 115 crewmembers.[10]
From the middle of 1943 to the end of the war, the squadron concentrated on attacks on German aviation, including attacks on aircraft factories, including ones at Oranienburg and Brussels; airfields at Oldenburg and Villacoublay; the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt; chemical plants at Leverkusen and Peenemunde; and industrial facilities in Ludwigshafen, Frankfurt am Main and Wilhemshaven. As part of this attack on the German aircraft industry, on 11 January, the squadron penetrated into central Germany, despite bad weather, poor fighter cover, and strong attacks by enemy interceptor aircraft, the unit succeeded in bombing its target, earning a second DUC.[8]
The squadron also performed interdiction and air support missions. It helped prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by bombing gun emplacements and troop concentrations near the beachhead area. It aided Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, in July 1944 by attacking enemy troop positions. It supported troops on the front lines near Caen in August 1944 and attacked lines of communications near the battlefield during the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945. It attacked airfields, bridges, and railroads to support Operation Lumberjack, the push across the Rhine in Germany, in 1945.[8]
Following V-E Day, the squadron evacuated prisoners of war from German camps. The first B-17 left Bassingbourn for the United States on 27 May 1945. The ground echelon sailed aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 24 June 1945. The squadron was reestablished at Drew Field, Florida in early July, with the intention of deploying it to the Pacific, but it was not fully manned or equipped, and inactivated on 7 November 1945.[6][8][1]
Tactical Air Control System
In April 1967, the 701st Tactical Air Support Squadron activated at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas[11][12] to provide light airlift and forward control support for the Tactical Air Control System, the deployable command and control system of Tactical Air Command under the control of Twelfth Air Force. It continued this mission, maintaining readiness to deploy and participating in exercises for the next thirteen years until inactivating in January 1980.[13][12]
It was assigned to the 602nd Tactical Air Control Group, later upgraded into the 602nd Tactical Air Control Wing.
In 1985, the United States Air Force consolidated these squadrons into a single unit,[13] but the unit has remained inactive since consolidation.
Lineage
401st Bombardment Squadron
Constituted as the 11th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
Activated on 15 April 1942
Redesignated 401st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942
Redesignated 401st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 Aug 1943[14]
^Aircraft is Boeing B-17G-50-BO Flying Fortress, serial 42-102509, The Liberty Run. This airplane was shot down by antiaircraft artillery over Leipzig, Germany on 20 July and its crew made prisoners of war. Missing Air Crew Report 7274.
^Approved 18 October 1944. Description: The comic strip character "Hairless Joe" proper, wearing red brown patched trousers and black sleeveless jacket, grasping and holding aloft a very large yellow club with spike throughend, balancing on the right foot on a large light turquoise blue aerial bomb, and the comic strip character "Lonesome Polecat" proper, wearing a red brown breechcloth and head band, having one white feather trimmed black, in the headdress, seated astride the aerial bomb behind "Hairless Joe" and holding aloft in the right hand a light turquoise blue axe with yellow handle, all in front of a white disc within a green annulet, edged white. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 491.
^ abcdeDepartment of the Air Force/MPM Letter 662q, 19 Sep 85, Subject: Reconstitution, Redesignation, and Consolidation of Selected Air Force Tactical Squadrons
Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN978-0-87938-638-2.
Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN978-0-7643-1987-7.
