40P/Väisälä

40P/Väisälä
Discovery
Comet 40P/Väisälä from the Vega Observatory.
Discovered by	Yrjö Väisälä^[1]
Discovery date	February 8, 1939^[1]
Designations
Alternative designations	1939 IV, 1949 V, 1960 IV, 1971 VII, 1982 V, 1993 VIII
Orbital characteristics
Epoch	August 23, 2004
Aphelion	7.9890 AU^[2]
Perihelion	1.7960 AU^[2]
Semi-major axis	4.8925 AU^[2]
Eccentricity	0.63291^[2]
Orbital period	10.58 a^[1]
Inclination	11.539°^[2]
Last perihelion	November 15, 2014^[3]
Next perihelion	November 12, 2025^[4]

40P/Väisälä is a periodic comet that was discovered on February 8, 1939. Its orbit was determined on April 26, 1939.^[3] In 1994, the diameter of its nucleus was found to be 4.2 km, similar in size to that of Comet Encke.^[2]

Discovery

Comet Väisälä was discovered accidentally on photographs exposed for minor planets. Originally, it was given the asteroid designation 1939 CB.^[1]^[2] However, additional findings revealed that the object was of cometary nature. The visual magnitude of Väisälä at the time of its discovery was 15. The orbital characteristics of the new comet at the time of its discovery were "a period of about 10 years, a perihelion date of 1939 April 26.0, and a perihelion distance of 1.75 AU."^[1]

Close Approaches

The orbit of Comet Väisälä resembles that of many centaurs, and is therefore unstable^[5] over thousands of years due to gravitational interactions with the gas giant Jupiter. One such close approach, 0.41 AU on December 31, 1961, increased its perihelion distance from 1.74 AU to 1.87 AU and increased its orbital period from 10.46 to 11.28 years. On September 21, 1973, an approach of Jupiter 1 AU away decreased perihelion distance from 1.87 AU to 1.80 AU decreased orbital period from 11.28 to 10.88 years.^[1] Väisälä will make one more close approach in the 21st century,^[2] but it will have a minimal effect.^[1] However, in the year 2127, the comet will make a close approach of only 0.096 AU from Jupiter,^[2] and reduce perihelion to 1.4 AU.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gary W. Kronk. "40P/Vaisala 1". Cometography. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "40P/Vaisala 1 orbit diagram". JPL Small-Body Database. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. SPK-ID: 1000101.
^ ^a ^b Yoshida, Seiichi (2006). "40P/Vaisala 1". Aerith. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
^ "40P/Vaisala Orbit". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ Horner, J.; Evans, N.W.; Bailey, M. E. (2004). "Simulations of the Population of Centaurs I: The Bulk Statistics". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 354 (3): 798–810. arXiv:astro-ph/0407400. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.354..798H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08240.x. S2CID 16002759.

External links

Elements and Ephemeris for 40P/Vaisala – Minor Planet Center

Numbered comets
Previous 39P/Oterma	40P/Väisälä	Next 41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák

Comets

Features	Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower
Types	Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Near-parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing (Kreutz) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar
Related	Naming of comets Observational history of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid
Exploration	List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft
Latest	C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2020 F5 (MASTER) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 2I/Borisov P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) C/2017 U7 C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2015 G2 (MASTER) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 UN₂₇₁ (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
Culture and speculation	Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Comet vintages

Lists of comets (more)

Periodic
comets

Until 1985
(all)

After 1985
(notable)

Comet-like
asteroids

Lost

Recovered	9P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 80P/Peters–Hartley 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 107P/Wilson–Harrington 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard–Boattini 226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 271P/van Houten–Lemmon 289P/Blanpain
Destroyed	3D/Biela D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
Not found	D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell 85D/Boethin

Visited by
spacecraft

Near-Parabolic
comets
(notable)

Until 1990	C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) [de] C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) [de] C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
After 1990	C/1990 K1 (Levy) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2002 V1 (NEAT) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 2I/Borisov C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
After 1910 (by name)	Aarseth-Brewington Arend–Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Borisov Bowell Bradfield Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock–Paraskevopoulos Eclipse Elenin Hale-Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya C/1963 A1 C/1964 N1 Ikeya-Seki IRAS–Araki–Alcock ISON Iwamoto Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon C/2012 F6 C/2018 C2 C/2019 U6 Leonard Levy LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 WM1 C/2001 A2 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught–Russell Mrkos NEAT C/2001 Q4 C/2002 V1 NEOWISE Nishimura Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 311P/PanSTARRS C/2014 Q1 C/2015 ER61 C/2017 K2 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki–Lines Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup–Maristany Skorichenko–George SOHO Southern Spacewatch–Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2012 E2 C/2020 F8 Tago-Sato-Kosaka [de] Tsuchinshan–ATLAS West White–Ortiz–Bolelli Wilson–Hubbard [de] Yi–SWAN Zhu–Balam ZTF

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