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3789 Zhongguo
Discovery
Discovered by	Y. C. Chang
Discovery site	Yerkes Obs.
Discovery date	25 October 1928
Designations
MPC designation	(3789) Zhongguo
Named after	China; (Chinese transliteration)
Alternative designations	1928 UF · 1928 WC; 1975 VH1 · 1981 WY6; 1986 QK1
Minor planet category	main-belt · (outer); Zhongguo
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
	Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	89.57 yr (32,717 d)
Aphelion	3.8904 AU
Perihelion	2.6803 AU
Semi-major axis	3.2854 AU
Eccentricity	0.1842
Orbital period (sidereal)	5.95 yr (2,175 d)
Mean anomaly	70.348°
Mean motion	0° 9m 55.8s / day
Inclination	2.7466°
Longitude of ascending node	86.955°
Argument of perihelion	313.35°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	14.01±0.18 km
Synodic rotation period	3.840±0.0005 h
Geometric albedo	0.099±0.013
Spectral type	T (S3OS2-TH); Xk (S3OS2-BB)
Absolute magnitude (H)	12.7

3789 Zhongguo, provisional designation 1928 UF, is a resonant asteroid from outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered in 1928 by Chinese astronomer Zhang Yuzhe at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, in the United States.^[1] Originally named "China", the asteroid became lost and its name was transferred to another asteroid. After its re-discovery in 1986, it was named Zhongguo, which is the Chinese word for "China".^[1] The T/X k-type asteroid is the namesake of the resonant Zhongguo group, located in the asteroid belt's Hecuba gap. It has a short rotation period of 3.8 hours.^[2]

Discovery and re-discovery

While studying in Chicago, Chinese astronomer Zhang Yuzhe observed an unknown asteroid, provisionally designated 1928 UF for the first time on 25 October 1928. After it was (prematurely) given the number 1125, he named it "China" or "中国" (Zhōngguó) in honor of his native country. As it was not observed beyond its initial appearance, a precise orbit could not be calculated, and as a consequence, it became a lost asteroid.

In 1957, the Purple Mountain Observatory in China discovered another asteroid, 1957 UN1. With the consent of Zhang Yuzhe, the designation 1125 China was transferred from the 1928-lost asteroid to this newly discovered one. However, in August 1986, the newly observed object 1986 QK₁ was identified as the rediscovery of the originally lost asteroid. On 31 May 1988 its official name Zhongguo was published by the Minor Planet Center (M.P.C. 13179).^[1]^[9]

Orbit and classification

Zhongguo is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.^[10] It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 11 months (2,175 days; semi-major axis of 3.29 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.^[4] The body's observation arc begins at Williams Bay in November 1928, eleven days after its official discovery observation.^[1]

Zhongguo group

It is also the namesake of the Zhongguo asteroids, a dynamical group with rather stable orbits. The group is located in the Hecuba gap – one of the largest Kirkwood gaps in the main belt at 3.27 AU – and stays in a 2:1 mean motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter.^[10] It occupies a similar proper element space as the Griqua asteroids. Both the Zhongguos and Griquas mark the outer rim of the asteroid belt. Further out are the Cybele asteroids, which are sometimes described as the "last outpost" of the asteroid belt. They are followed in turn by the resonant Hilda asteroids (3:2) and Jupiter trojans (1:1).

Physical characteristics

Zhongguo is classified as a T-type and X/k-subtype in the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), respectively.^[7]^[8]

Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Zhongguo measures 14.01 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.099,^[5] while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroidof 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 12.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.21.^[2]

Rotation period

In January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Zhongguo obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave a rotation period of 3.840±0.0005 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=2).^[2]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "3789 Zhongguo (1928 UF)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "LCDB Data for (3789) Zhongguo". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ Roig, F.; Nesvorný, D.; Ferraz-Mello, S. (September 2002). "Asteroids in the 2 : 1 resonance with Jupiter: dynamics and size distribution [ Erratum: 2002MNRAS.336.1391R ]". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 335 (2): 417–431. Bibcode:2002MNRAS.335..417R. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05635.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3789 Zhongguo (1928 UF)" (2018-05-23 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68.
^ ^a ^b Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Asteroid 3789 Zhongguo". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lazzaro, D.; Angeli, C. A.; Carvano, J. M.; Mothé-Diniz, T.; Duffard, R.; Florczak, M. (November 2004). "S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids" (PDF). Icarus. 172 (1): 179–220. Bibcode:2004Icar..172..179L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Asteroid (3789) Zhongguo – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 22 June 2018.