21P/Giacobini–Zinner

21P/Giacobini–Zinner
Near 2018 perihelion
Discovery
Discovered byMichel Giacobini, Ernst Zinner
Discovery dateDecember 20, 1900
Designations
1900 III; P/1900 Y1; 1913 V;
P/1913 U1; 1926 VI; 1933 III;
1940 I; 1946 V; 1959 VIII;
1966 I; 1972 VI; 1979 III;
1985 XIII; 1992 IX
Orbital characteristics
Epoch2025-03-26
Aphelion5.97 AU
Perihelion1.009 AU
Semi-major axis3.492 AU
Eccentricity0.7110
Orbital period6.52 yr
Inclination32.050°
Last perihelion2018-Sep-10[1][2]
February 11, 2012[3]
July 2, 2005[3]
Next perihelion2025-Mar-25[3][4]
Earth MOID0.018 AU (2,700,000 km)[1]
Physical characteristics
Dimensions2 km[1]

Comet Giacobini–Zinner (officially designated 21P/Giacobini–Zinner) is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was discovered by Michel Giacobini, who observed it in the constellation of Aquarius on December 20, 1900. It was recovered two orbits later by Ernst Zinner, while he was observing variable stars near Beta Scuti on October 23, 1913.

The comet nucleus is estimated to be 2.0 kilometers in diameter.[1] During its apparitions, Giacobini–Zinner can reach about the 7-8th magnitude,[5] but in 1946 it underwent a series of outbursts that made it as bright as 5th magnitude. It is the parent body of the Giacobinids meteor shower (also known as the Draconids). The comet currently has a minimum orbit intersection distance to Earth of 0.035 AU (5,200,000 km; 3,300,000 mi).[1]

Giacobini–Zinner was the target of the International Cometary Explorer spacecraft, which passed through its plasma tail on September 11, 1985. Earlier in the same month the comet was observed by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter.[6] In addition, Japanese space officials considered redirecting the Sakigake interplanetary probe toward a 1998 encounter with Giacobini–Zinner, but that probe lacked the propellant for the necessary maneuvers and the project was abandoned.

During the apparition of 2018, the optical spectra have revealed the comet is depleted in carbon-chain molecules and carbon dioxide, likely indicating its origin in relatively warm portion of the Solar system.[7]

2025 Perihelion

21P/Giacobini-Zinner will next pass perihelion on 25 March 2025, and will have its closest approach to Earth 4 days before, on 21 March. It is expected to brighten to magnitude ~11.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 21P/Giacobini–Zinner" (last observation:2013-04-01). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  2. ^ Syuichi Nakano (2012-02-05). "21P/Giacobini-Zinner (NK 2191)". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
  3. ^ a b c MPC
  4. ^ "Horizons Batch for 21P/Giacobini-Zinner (90000322) on 2025-Mar-25" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 2021-04-10. (JPL#K182/14 Soln.date: 2021-Mar-23)
  5. ^ King, Bob (29 August 2018). "Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner Shines in September – Sky & Telescope". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  6. ^ Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer. p. 281. ISBN 9780387493268.
  7. ^ Shinnaka, Yoshiharu; Kawakita, Hideyo; Tajitsu, Akito (2020). "High-resolution Optical Spectroscopic Observations of Comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner in its 2018 Apparition". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (5): 203. arXiv:2004.11008. Bibcode:2020AJ....159..203S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab7d34.
  8. ^ "21P/Giacobini-Zinner | astro.vanbuitenen.nl". astro.vanbuitenen.nl. Retrieved 2024-11-08.


Numbered comets
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20D/Westphal 		21P/Giacobini–Zinner Next
22P/Kopff

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