2023 ARCA Menards Series West

Sean Hingorani, the 2023 ARCA Menards Series West champion.
Tyler Reif finished second behind Hingorani in the championship by 36 points.
Trevor Huddleston finished third in the championship by 48 points.
The McGowan Motorsports No. 17 car, driven by Landen Lewis and Kaden Honeycutt, won the owners' championship.

The 2023 ARCA Menards Series West was the 70th season of the ARCA Menards Series West, a regional stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. The season began on March 10 at Phoenix Raceway with the General Tire 150 and ended with the Desert Diamond Casino West Valley 100, also at Phoenix Raceway, on November 3.

Jake Drew entered the season as the defending champion. He did not return to the West Series full-time in 2023 and defend his title after Sunrise Ford Racing, the team that he drove for in 2022, closed down after the end of the season[1] and he was unable to find a full-time ride with another team at the start of the 2023 season. At the conclusion of the season, Sean Hingorani of Venturini Motorsports clinched the ARCA Menards Series West championship.[2]

Teams and drivers

Complete schedule

Manufacturer Team No. Driver Crew chief
Chevrolet Bill McAnally Racing 16 Tanner Reif[3] John Camilleri
Ford High Point Racing 50 Trevor Huddleston Jeff Schrader
Naake-Klauer Motorsports[4] 88 Bradley Erickson (R) 8[5][N 1] Tony Caputo 5
Mike Naake 7
Joey Iest 3
Dylan Cappello 1
Toyota Shockwave Motorsports[N 2] 05 David Smith (R) Brandon Carlson
Venturini Motorsports 15 Sean Hingorani (R)[6] Billy Venturini 1
Kevin Reed Jr. 10
Monon Rahman 1
Jerry Pitts Racing 7 Takuma Koga Denny Moyer 9
Ron Norman 1
Brian Weis 1
Jerry Pitts 1
Toyota 3
Chevrolet 2
Ford 7 		70 Kyle Keller Jerry Pitts 3
Brian Kizer 9
Ford 11
Toyota 1 		Central Coast Racing 13 Todd Souza 6[7][N 3] Michael Muñoz
Tyler Reif (R) 6[7][N 4]
Toyota 3
Chevrolet 9 		McGowan Motorsports 17 Landen Lewis 8 Amber Slagle 1
Richard Mason 6
Sean Samuels 5
Kaden Honeycutt 4
Toyota 10
Chevrolet 2 		Nascimento Motorsports 04
21 		Ethan Nascimento (R) 9 Mike Nascimento
Tim Spurgeon 1
Jalen Mack 1
Greg Potts 1
Chevrolet 9
Toyota 3 		4 Eric Nascimento Ty Joiner

Limited schedule

Manufacturer Team No. Driver Crew chief Rounds
Chevrolet 1/4 Ley Racing 32 Dale Quarterley[8] Alex Quarterley[8] 2
66 Rhead Racing 66 Eric Rhead Will Harris 1
Bill McAnally Racing 24 Dylan Lupton Roger Bracken 1
99 Caleb Shrader Mario Isola 1
CR7 Motorsports 97 Landen Lewis Todd Myers 1
Davey Magras Racing 14 Davey Magras Zach Magras 2
Fierce Creature Racing 27 Bobby Hillis Jr. Bobby Hillis Jr. 1
Ralph Byers 1
Tony Huffman 3
Unknown 1 		6
Last Chance Racing 39 Roxali Kamper Travis Kamper 1
Mack Motorsports 83 Jalen Mack Brian Kennon 2
Pinnacle Racing Group 28 Jack Wood Shane Huffman 1
Rev Racing 2 Andrés Pérez de Lara[9] Jamie Jones 2
Steve Plattenberger 1 		1
Sebastian Arias[10] 2[10]
6 Jack Wood Steve Plattenberger 2
Lavar Scott Jamie Jones 1
Spurgeon Motorsports 86 Tim Spurgeon Mike David 1
Tamayo Cosentino Racing 45 Tony Cosentino Caleb Allen 1[11]
Veer Motorsports[N 5] 66 Jon Garrett[12] Mike Sroufe 1
Young’s Motorsports 02 Leland Honeyman Andrew Abbott 2
Joshua Graham 2 		1
Parker Retzlaff 2
Mamba Smith[13] 1
Ford 3K Motorsports 1 Robbie Kennealy Thomas Martin 1
Charlie Wilson 4 		5
AM Racing[14] 32 Christian Rose[15] Ryan London 1
Borneman Motorsports 8 Johnny Borneman III Steve Teets 1
Brad Smith Motorsports 48 Brad Smith Rand Bitter 1[16]
Clubb Racing Inc. 03 Alex Clubb[17] Brian Clubb 1
Fast Track Racing 10 Tim Monroe Tim Monroe 1
11 Bryce Haugeberg Austin Nemire 1
Greg Van Alst Motorsports[18] 35 Greg Van Alst Jim Long[18] 1
High Point Racing 55 Jake Bollman[19] Travis Thirkettle 3[19]
Cole Custer[N 6] 2
Rodd Kneeland 1
Joanides Motorsports 71 Nick Joanides Dave Jackson 3
Kart Idaho Racing 38 R. J. Smotherman (R) Robert Smotherman 1
Mike Holleran 2
Unknown 1 		4
Lowden Jackson Motorsports 41 Tyler Reif (R) [20][7][N 4] Tony Jackson 6
Jake Drew 1[7]
Jacob Smith 1
Nick Joanides 1
Johnny Borneman III 1
46 R. J. Smotherman (R) Dave Jackson 4[20]
Kyle Sieg 1
Stefan Rzesnowiecky 1
Justin Johnson Rip Micels 1
Rette Jones Racing 30 Frankie Muniz[21] Mark Rette 1
Ryan Roulette Racing 22 Ryan Roulette[22] Chris Greaney[22] 2[22]
Stewart-Haas Racing 9 Ryan Preece Chad Johnston 1
Toyota Hattori Racing Enterprises 81 Sammy Smith[N 7] Jon Leonard 1
Joe Gibbs Racing 18 William Sawalich[23] Matt Ross 4[23]
Philpott Race Cars 52 Ryan Philpott Chuck Dozhier 3
Travis Dozhier 1 		4
Rodd Racing 33 P. J. Pedroncelli Rodd Kneeland 1
Venturini Motorsports 1 Jake Finch Johnny Allen 1
20 Jesse Love[24] Shannon Rursch[24] 1
Dean Thompson[25] 1[25]
25 Conner Jones[26] Kevin Reed Jr. 1[26]
Toni Breidinger[27] Cayden Lapcevich 1[27]
55 1[27]
Kris Wright Larry Balsitis 1
Wayne Peterson Racing 06 A. J. Moyer[28] Michael Peterson 1
Chevrolet 1
Ford 1 		3K Motorsports 49 Monty Tipton Tommy Hurst 2
Chevrolet 3
Toyota 1 		Bill McAnally Racing 19 Eric Johnson Jr.[29][3] Chuck Jones 4[29][3]
Toyota 1
Ford 5 		Central Coast Racing 3 Todd Souza[7][N 3] Jason Dickinson 6[7]
Chevrolet 1
Ford 1 		Fast Track Racing 12 D. L. Wilson Dick Doheny 1[30]
Ryan Roulette Jeremy Petty 1
Ford 2
Toyota 5 		Jerry Pitts Racing[31] 5 Riley Herbst[N 6] Jerry Pitts 2
Kole Raz 2
Buddy Shepherd 1
Dustin Ash 2
Chevrolet 1
Toyota 1 		Legal Limit Motorsports 80 Brian Kamisky Derek Copeland 1
Derek Copeland Brian Kamisky 1
Toyota 4
Ford 4 		Performance P-1 Motorsports 77 Nick Joanides Dean Kuhn 1
Joe Nava 4
Roger Bracken 2
Unknown 1 		6
Mariah Boudrieau 1
Brody Armtrout 1
Chevrolet 2
Toyota 2 		Sigma Performance Services 23 Bradley Erickson (R)[N 1] Chris Bray 4

Notes

  1. ^ a b Erickson ran the full season split between the Naake-Klauer Motorsports No. 88 car and the Sigma Performance Services No. 23 car.
  2. ^ Entries were fielded in a collaboration with Naake-Klauer Motorsports.[4]
  3. ^ a b Todd Souza ran the full season split between the Central Coast Racing Nos. 13 and 3 cars.
  4. ^ a b Tyler Reif ran the full season split between the Lowden Jackson Motorsports No. 41 car and Central Coast Racing No. 13 car.
  5. ^ Entry was fielded in a collaboration with Fast Track Racing.
  6. ^ a b Entries were fielded in a collaboration with Stewart-Haas Racing.
  7. ^ Entry was fielded in a collaboration with Joe Gibbs Racing.

Changes

Teams

  • On November 4, 2022, Sunrise Ford Racing team owner Bob Bruncati revealed during Jake Drew's championship celebration at Phoenix that he would be closing down his team in the West Series and would focus on competing in local short track racing. In addition to Drew's 2022 championship, SFR won the 2009 championship with Jason Bowles and the 2013 and 2018 championships with Derek Thorn.[1]
  • On December 9, 2022, it was announced that the No. 18 car would go back to being owned by Joe Gibbs Racing in 2023. It was owned by Kyle Busch Motorsports in 2022.[23]

Drivers

  • On April 14, 2022, Todd Souza stated in an interview for the ARCA website that he might only run part-time in the West Series in 2023 in a new second car for his own team with someone else replacing him in his No. 13 car full-time.[32] Although Souza did return for another full season in 2023, he and his team did debut a second part-time car, the No. 3, at Shasta with him driving that car and Tyler Reif driving his No. 13 car in that race.[7]
  • On March 29, 2023, it was announced that Jake Bollman would make his West Series debut in the race at Irwindale in April in the No. 55 car for High Point Racing and run multiple other races in the car in 2023.[19]
  • On September 29, 2023, Young's Motorsports announced that Mamba Smith would drive their No. 02 car in the West Series season-finale at Phoenix. Smith drove the same car in the main ARCA Series race at IRP in 2022. This will be his West Series debut.[13]

Schedule

The full schedule was announced on November 22.[33] Some race dates were announced before then.[34][35] There are twelve races on the 2023 schedule, up from eleven in 2022.

Note: The race at Phoenix in March was a combination race with the ARCA Menards Series (highlighted in gold).

No Race title Track Location Date
1 General Tire 150 Phoenix Raceway Avondale, Arizona March 10
2 West Coast Stock Car Motorsports Hall of Fame 150 Irwindale Speedway Irwindale, California April 1
3 NAPA Auto Parts BlueDEF 150 Kern County Raceway Park Bakersfield, California April 22
4 Portland 112 Portland International Raceway Portland, Oregon June 2
5 General Tire 200 Sonoma Raceway Sonoma, California June 9
6 NAPA Auto Parts BlueDEF 150 presented by the West Coast Stock Car Motorsports Hall of Fame Irwindale Speedway Irwindale, California July 1
7 Shasta 150 Shasta Speedway Anderson, California July 29
8 NAPA Auto Parts ARCA 150 Evergreen Speedway Monroe, Washington August 19
9 NAPA Auto Parts 150 All American Speedway Roseville, California September 30
10 Star Nursery 150 Las Vegas Motor Speedway (Bullring) Las Vegas, Nevada October 13
11 51FIFTY Jr. Homecoming ARCA 150 presented by the West Coast Stock Car Motorsports Hall of Fame Madera Speedway Madera, California October 21
12 Desert Diamond Casino West Valley 100 Phoenix Raceway Avondale, Arizona November 3

Schedule changes

  • Portland International Raceway only had one West Series race in 2023 after having two in 2022. The race at Portland on Labor Day weekend was removed.
  • Shasta Speedway (in northern California) and Madera Speedway (near Fresno, California) were both added to the schedule.

Broadcasting

Fox again broadcast the combination race at Phoenix in March. FloRacing broadcast the rest of the races.[36]

Results and standings

Race results

No. Race Pole position Most laps led Winning driver Manufacturer No. Winning team Report
1 General Tire 150 William Sawalich William Sawalich Tyler Reif Ford 41 Lowden Jackson Motorsports Report
2 West Coast Stock Car Motorsports Hall of Fame 150 Trevor Huddleston Trevor Huddleston Sean Hingorani Toyota 15 Venturini Motorsports Report
3 NAPA Auto Parts BlueDEF 150 Landen Lewis Landen Lewis Sean Hingorani Toyota 15 Venturini Motorsports Report
4 Portland 112 Landen Lewis Cole Custer Landen Lewis Chevrolet 17 McGowan Motorsports Report
5 General Tire 200 Ryan Preece Ryan Preece Ryan Preece Ford 9 Stewart-Haas Racing Report
6 NAPA Auto Parts BlueDEF 150 presented by the West Coast Stock Car Motorsports Hall of Fame Sean Hingorani Trevor Huddleston Trevor Huddleston Ford 50 High Point Racing Report
7 Shasta 150 Trevor Huddleston Trevor Huddleston Sean Hingorani Toyota 15 Venturini Motorsports Report
8 NAPA Auto Parts ARCA 150 Tyler Reif Sean Hingorani Sean Hingorani Toyota 15 Venturini Motorsports Report
9 NAPA Auto Parts 150 Tyler Reif Kaden Honeycutt Kaden Honeycutt Chevrolet 17 McGowan Motorsports Report
10 Star Nursery 150 Sean Hingorani Sean Hingorani Dylan Cappello Ford 88 Naake-Klauer Motorsports Report
11 51FIFTY Jr. Homecoming ARCA 150 presented by the West Coast Stock Car Motorsports Hall of Fame Eric Nascimento Kaden Honeycutt Kaden Honeycutt Chevrolet 17 McGowan Motorsports Report
12 Desert Diamond Casino West Valley 100 William Sawalich William Sawalich William Sawalich Toyota 18 Joe Gibbs Racing Report

Drivers' championship

Further information: List of NASCAR points scoring systems

Notes:

  • The pole winner also receives 1 bonus point, similar to the previous ARCA points system used until 2019 and unlike NASCAR.[37]
  • Additionally, after groups of 5 races of the season, drivers that compete in all 5 races receive 50 additional points.[37] These points bonuses will be given after the races at Sonoma and the Las Vegas Bullring.

(key) Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position set by final practice results or rainout. * – Most laps led. ** – All laps led.

Pos Driver PHO IRW KCR PIR SON IRW SHA EVG AAS LVS MAD PHO Points
1 Sean Hingorani (R) 16 1 1 11 6 12 1 1* 2 16* 5 3 575
2 Tyler Reif (R) 1 3 6 15 17 6 14 2 13 4 11 5 539
3 Trevor Huddleston 9 4* 3 12 28 1* 2* 6 15 2 10 20 527
4 Bradley Erickson (R) 3 8 5 6 7 13 9 9 14 21 4 7 522
5 Tanner Reif 12 5 4 14 20 3 7 15 3 3 17 8 517
6 Todd Souza 11 11 9 22 8 4 10 10 5 7 2 26 503
7 Eric Nascimento 14 14 15 16 23 2 5 5 7 5 6 19 498
8 Kyle Keller 5 6 14 20 13 15 6 7 17 6 7 14 496
9 Takuma Koga 19 7 11 8 24 10 11 12 10 19 15 16 466
10 David Smith (R) 17 10 13 13 15 11 15 13 12 14 13 23 459
11 Landen Lewis 2 2 2* 1 19 9 4 4 6 409
12 Ethan Nascimento (R) 26 13 8 23 10 14 14 Wth 14 13 311
13 Nick Joanides 16 10 14 8 8 Wth 11 17 8 27 277
14 Kaden Honeycutt 1* 9 1** 9 166
15 William Sawalich 13* 4 5 1* 162
16 Robbie Kennealy 5 16 8 16 18 157
17 R. J. Smotherman (R) 29 15 16 Wth 8 10 Wth Wth 142
18 Bobby Hillis Jr. 25 9 12 Wth 20 28 126
19 Eric Johnson Jr. 10 27 11 9 119
20 Ryan Philpott 19 26 13 9 109
21 Jake Bollman 12 7 7 Wth 106
22 Joey Iest 4 3 25 100
23 Jack Wood 28 4 4 96
24 Kole Raz 3 3 82
25 Dale Quarterley 3 11 74
26 Cole Custer 2* 18 70
27 Riley Herbst 18 3 68
28 Tim Spurgeon 12 12 64
29 Davey Magras 9 16 63
30 Parker Retzlaff 5 25 58
31 Johnny Borneman III 9 21 58
32 Monty Tipton 18 12 58
33 Sebastian Arias 21 10 57
34 Dustin Ash 13 18 57
35 Toni Breidinger 22 11 55
36 Ryan Preece 1* 49
37 Dylan Cappello 1 46
38 Sammy Smith 2 42
39 Dean Thompson 2 42
40 Andrés Pérez de Lara 4 40
41 Frankie Muniz 6 38
42 Buddy Shepherd 6 38
43 Conner Jones 7 37
44 Caleb Shrader 7 37
45 Leland Honeyman 8 37
46 Jacob Smith 8 36
47 Greg Van Alst 10 34
48 Eric Rhead 11 33
49 Greg Potts 12 32
50 Justin Johnson 12 32
51 Tony Cosentino 15 29
52 Mariah Boudrieau 15 29
53 Mamba Smith 15 29
54 Jake Drew 16 28
55 Kyle Sieg 17 Wth 27
56 Derek Copeland 17 27
57 Lavar Scott 17 27
58 Alex Clubb 18 26
59 Rodd Kneeland 18 26
60 Jalen Mack Wth Wth 19 25
61 Brody Armtrout 19 25
62 Jon Garrett 20 24
63 A. J. Moyer 21 23
64 Dylan Lupton 21 23
65 Brian Kamisky 22 22
66 Kris Wright 22 22
67 Christian Rose 23 21
68 D. L. Wilson 24 20
69 Roxali Kamper 24 20
70 Ryan Roulette Wth Wth 24 20
71 Jesse Love 27 18
72 Stefan Rzesnowiecky 29 15
73 Brad Smith 30 14
74 Tim Monroe 31 13
75 Bryce Haugeberg 32 12
Tim Goulet Wth
P. J. Pedroncelli Wth
Jake Finch Wth

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Schuoler, Justin (November 4, 2022). "Bob Bruncati & Sunrise Ford Racing Closes ARCA West Chapter as Champions". Kickin' the Tires. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  2. ^ White, Brandon (November 3, 2023). "Sean Hingorani wraps up West Series championship; William Sawalich earns win at Phoenix". ARCA. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Branscum, Benjamine (February 2, 2023). "Bill McAnally Racing Announce 2023 Driver Lineup, Tanner Reif Running Full-Time with Cole Moore and Eric Johnson Jr Joining". TobyChristie.com.
  4. ^ a b "Naake-Klauer Motorsports, Bradley Erickson unite for full ARCA Menards Series West season". ARCARacing.com. February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  5. ^ Erickson, Bradley (January 23, 2023). "Bradley Erickson Racing is at Irwindale Speedway". Facebook. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  6. ^ Branscum, Benjamine (February 15, 2023). "Sean Hingorani Contesting Full ARCA West Schedule with Venturini Motorsports". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Tyler Reif joins Central Coast Cabinets Racing for West Series race at Shasta Speedway". ARCARacing.com. July 10, 2023.
  8. ^ a b Kristl, Mark (January 28, 2023). "Dale Quarterley Expands ARCA Schedule, Plans Truck Debut". Frontstretch. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  9. ^ Rutherford, Kevin (January 13, 2023). "Andres Perez de Lara Running ARCA for Rev". Frontstretch. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  10. ^ a b Rutherford, Kevin (February 21, 2023). "Sebastian Arias Running 2 ARCA West Races for Rev". Frontstretch. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  11. ^ Kristl, Mark (January 25, 2023). "Tony Cosentino Running Full ARCA Schedule in 2023". Frontstretch. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  12. ^ "(Twitter post)". Twitter. Jon Garrett. December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Kornhoff, Taylor (September 29, 2023). "Dylan Smith Returning to ARCA at Phoenix". Frontstretch. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  14. ^ "Brett Moffitt running full 2023 Xfinity season with AM Racing". Jayski's Silly Season Site. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  15. ^ Christie, Toby (January 10, 2023). "Christian Rose to Battle For 2023 ARCA Championship and Run Select Truck Series Races With AM Racing". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  16. ^ Kristl, Mark (September 8, 2022). "Brad Smith Returning for Full ARCA Schedule in 2023". Frontstretch. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  17. ^ Kristl, Mark (December 2, 2022). "Casey Carden Returning to ARCA With Clubb". Frontstretch. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  18. ^ a b Kristl, Mark (September 22, 2022). "Greg Van Alst Returning to ARCA Full Time in 2023". Frontstretch. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  19. ^ a b c Branscum, Benjamine (March 29, 2023). "Jake Bollman Inks Multi-Race ARCA West Agreement with High Point Racing". TobyChristie.com.
  20. ^ a b Kristl, Mark (February 24, 2023). "Tyler Reif Running Full ARCA East Schedule". Frontstretch. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  21. ^ Srigley, Joseph (January 11, 2023). "Frankie Muniz Joins Rette Jones Racing for 2023 ARCA Campaign". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  22. ^ a b c Fenwick, Adam (February 28, 2023). "Ryan Roulette enters team ownership, partners with VFW for ARCA Menards Series West events". ARCARacing.com.
  23. ^ a b c Srigley, Joseph (December 9, 2022). "William Sawalich Signs Multi-Year Deal with Joe Gibbs Racing, Competing in 20 ARCA Events in 2023". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  24. ^ a b Christie, Toby (January 10, 2023). "Jesse Love Running For 2023 ARCA Menards Series Championship With Venturini". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Branscum, Benjamine (January 20, 2023). "Dean Thompson Tapped to Drive for Venturini Motorsports for Five Races in the ARCA Menards Series in 2023". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  26. ^ a b Christie, Toby (January 9, 2023). "Conner Jones Expands ARCA Schedule to 12 Races With Venturini in 2023". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  27. ^ a b c Branscum, Benjamine (January 11, 2023). "Toni Breidinger Returning to Venturini Motorsports for 11 ARCA Races in 2023". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
  28. ^ "(Twitter post)". Twitter. TTL Racing Network. October 31, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  29. ^ a b Branscum, Benjamine (December 30, 2022). "Eric Johnson Jr. announces part-time ARCA West schedule for Bill McAnally Racing in 2023". TobyChristie.com.
  30. ^ D. L. Wilson (December 9, 2022). "(No title)". Facebook. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  31. ^ Srigley, Joseph (January 11, 2023). "Jacob Smith Competing in At Least Four ARCA West Races with Jerry Pitts Racing". TobyChristie.com. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  32. ^ Fenwick, Adam (April 14, 2022). "Todd Souza believes milestone 100th West Series start can result in victory at Kern County". ARCARacing.com. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  33. ^ "ARCA Menards Series East and West schedules for 2023 announced". ARCARacing.com. November 22, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  34. ^ Haislop, Tadd (September 14, 2022). "Pieces of 2023 ARCA Menards Series schedule come together with NASCAR national series release". ARCARacing.com. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  35. ^ "ARCA Menards Series releases 2023 schedule". ARCARacing.com. November 11, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  36. ^ "ARCA Menards Series extends broadcast rights agreement with FOX Sports, announces 2023 broadcast schedule". ARCARacing.com. December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  37. ^ a b "ARCA Menards Series Changes Points System". Motor Racing Network. January 24, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

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