2015 Sabah earthquake

2015 Sabah earthquake
2015 Sabah earthquake is located in Malaysia
2015 Sabah earthquake
UTC time2015-06-04 23:15:43
ISC event610635042
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date5 June 2015 (2015-06-05)
Local time07:15:43 MST (UTC+08:00)[1]
Duration30 seconds
Magnitude6.0 (Mw) (USGS)
5.9 (Mw) (MetMalaysia)
Depth18.1 km (11.2 mi)[2]
Epicentre5°58′48″N 116°31′30″E / 5.980°N 116.525°E / 5.980; 116.525[1]
TypeDip-slip (normal)
Areas affectedWest Coast & Interior Division (Mount Kinabalu area), Sabah, East Malaysia
Total damageBuilding and infrastructure damage, landslides & geological changes, $2.84 billion (USD)
Max. intensityMMI VI (Strong)[1]
LandslidesYes
Aftershocks130 (As of 1 April 2016)[3]
Casualties18 deaths
11 wounded

The 2015 Sabah earthquake (Malay: Gempa Bumi Sabah 2015) struck Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia with a moment magnitude of 6.0 on 5 June,[1] which lasted for 30 seconds.[4] The earthquake was the strongest to affect Malaysia since the 1976 Sabah earthquake.[5]

Tremors were also felt in Tambunan, Tuaran, Kota Kinabalu, Inanam, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat, Likas, Penampang, Putatan, Kinarut, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Beluran, Sandakan, Kunak, Tawau in Sabah and as far afield as Federal Territory of Labuan, Lawas, Limbang and Miri in Sarawak as well as Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei.[6][7][8][9][10]

Eighteen fatalities were reported, all occurring on Mount Kinabalu,[11] including ten Singaporeans, six Malaysians, and two from both China and Japan. About 137 climbers were stranded on the mountain but were subsequently rescued.[12]

As a result of the earthquake, most areas in the Kinabalu Park have been closed temporarily until the situation is cleared and undergoing repairs and rehabilitation.[13][14]

Tectonic setting

Sabah lies within the Sunda plate away from any plate boundaries. It was the location of a convergent plate boundary until some time during the Early Miocene. Since then Sabah has been massively uplifted, with the Kinabalu Granite, which was emplaced during the early Late Miocene (between 7.8 and 7.2 million years ago), being exhumed at a rate of 7 mm per year during Late Miocene–Early Pliocene (~ 8–3 Ma ago).[15] the region continues to rise at a long term rate of about 0.5 mm each year.[16] The uplift is thought to be a result of either break-off of the subducted slab or delamination of the lithosphere. Despite not being at a plate boundary, GPS measurements show that the coastal part of Sabah is moving towards the north-west. The uplift is thought to be driving gravitational collapse with sliding of the northwestern part of Sabah being accommodated by extension. This is consistent with the focal mechanism of earlier earthquakes in the onshore area.[17]

Earthquake

The earthquake occurred on 5 June 2015 at MST (23:15:43 UTC) at a depth of approximately 18.1 km (11.2 mi),[2] with its epicentre approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Ranau and lasting for thirty seconds.[4][18] The earthquake was initially reported as 6.0 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) while the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 5.9 Ms.[1][19]

Cause

USGS ShakeMap for the event

The earthquake was caused by movement on a SW-NE trending normal fault.[20] As the epicentre of the earthquake was near to Mount Kinabalu, the shaking caused massive landslides around the mountain.[21]

Local native beliefs

According to the claims of local natives, the earthquake was caused by "aki" (the mountain protectors) who had become angered over the acts of ten western tourists (comprising six men and four women from Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom)[22] who "stripped and urinated at the mountain (which is believed by local natives as a sacred place) on 30 May", six days before the earthquake happened.[23] The tourists also shouted vulgarities when they were told to desist by their mountain guide.[24][25] The acts provoked outrage among Sabahan natives who want all of the alleged offenders charged in native court and forced to pay the "sogit", a type of compensation, given in the form of money or livestock, to appease the aggrieved party according to local Kadazan-Dusun native customs. It is imposed on wrongdoers for the purpose of appeasing "the aggrieved", thus placating the native community.[26] However, as most of the detained tourists have been released from Malaysia's prison and escaping native court, the local villagers had performed their own rituals.[27] The misconduct was also condemned by the Science Adviser to the Malaysian Prime Minister who said:

Science has no answer to that (the sacred mountain). If the mountain is sacred, we have to respect that. It is part of the traditional and local knowledge that are increasingly recognised by the international community.[28]

The brother of one of the deceased mountain guides also criticised the behaviour of the tourists, saying:

It is not about laws or superstition, but about having mutual respect among human beings. As a Christian, I too do not believe in superstition, but I adhere to the advice and beliefs of the elders out of respect. It is part of being humans, we don't do things that will offend our fellow-human beings whether they are Muslims, Christian or Animists. This is something we taught here, but I guess a person like him (one of the bad nudists) doesn't have this in him.[29]

Following the incident, some of the tourists and their family members have expressed their apologies to all involved parties with the United Kingdom government beginning to review their travelling advice to Malaysia.[30][31]

Aftershocks

In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake that evening, three aftershocks occurred, with the first and second at 21:10 MST and 23:13 MST respectively, each measuring 4.3 magnitude, while a third at 23:32 MST was 2.8 Mw.[32] By 23 June 90 aftershocks had been reported at Ranau by the Malaysian Meteorological Department, ranging in magnitudes from 1.6 to 5.2.[3][33]

Casualties

Casualties by country[11][34]
Country Deaths Ref.
 Singapore[n 1] 10 [32][36][37]
 Malaysia 6 [32][36]
 China 1 [38]
 Japan 1 [39][40]
Total 18

187 climbers were impacted, according to Sabah official sources, with most of them from Malaysia and Singapore, and others from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States.[36][41] 137 of them were stranded but subsequently rescued.[12]

The majority of fatalities were teachers and students from a Singaporean climbing group from the Tanjong Katong Primary School; initially reportedly missing, the Singaporeans were later officially confirmed dead by the Singaporean Ministry of Education with an official statement released on 10 June.[11] Malaysian nationals accounted for the second most number of deaths, including two climbers (revised downwards from three initially reported missing)[36] and four mountain guides. Subsequent investigation and witness by other climbers found that the four mountain guides died while protecting climbers.[42][43] The four guides were identified as Robbi Sapinggi,[44] Valerian Joannes, Ricky Masirin and Joseph Solungin.[43][45] A Japanese climber also died while protecting one of the Singaporean school students as revealed by the owner of the accommodation where the climber stayed.[40][46][47]

Damage

Donkey Ear's Peak, prior to earthquake damage which reduced the size of the prominences

During the earthquake, one of the peaks on Mount Kinabalu (called the Donkey's Ears) was broken off.[12] The source of the Poring Hot Springs a popular tourist area near Ranau, turned murky and black[48] for a few hours due to the earthquake, which disrupted a clay deposit that interrupts the fault gap that heats up the rainwater.[21] Some infrastructure was reported damaged with around 23 schools in six different districts affected, and Ranau Mosque was also damaged due to the tremor.[49][50]

Serious damage occurred to the hostels and resthouse near the summit of Mount Kinabalu. Buildings were similarly affected by the earthquake in Kota Belud and Tuaran.[51] The areas around Kundasang and Ranau suffered water supply disruption when the main water drainage pipe burst, and several plants in both regions were damaged with a leakage in the deposition tank.[52]

Response

Sabah local mountain guides became the first rescuers during the situation, as reported by an Australian climber.[53][54] Government agencies like the Fire and Rescue Department,[55] Royal Malaysia Police and Malaysian Armed Forces provided equipment during the rescue missions as was reported by the mountain guides.[56] Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Kota Kinabalu was turned into a disaster centre.[57] The National Security Council (NSC) dispatched 25 members of the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) – paramedics, engineers and rescuers.[58]

Prime Minister Najib Razak ordered efforts to rescue victims stuck on Mount Kinabalu, with the army troops put on standby, as well as a 24-hour helpline being opened.[6][59][60] Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin ordered the NSC to introduce an early warning system for earthquakes including for school buildings as well the setting up of a seismic centre to monitor earthquake activities in the state.[61][62]

Sabah State Government together with the Federal Government donated MYR5,000 (U$1,000+) each for Malaysians who died on the quake while MYR2,000 (U$300+) for injured victims.[63] The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) has launched an impromptu donation drive for victims of the Sabah earthquake at the party's muktamar on 5 June and raised a total of MYR19,800 (around U$5,000+) from delegates.[64] The Barisan Nasional Women's Wing together with the Sabah Community Services Council has also launched a fund, starting with MYR20,000 (US$5,300).[65] The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Sabah branch donated a total of MYR50,000 (US$13,558).[66] An amount of MYR10,000 (US$2,711) also being raised by Democratic Action Party (DAP) Sabah branch to the Kinabalu Mountain Guide Association with another MYR10,000 are given to each family of the four mountain guides who perished during the earthquake.[67]

AirAsia has collaborating with the Malaysia Volunteer Fire and Rescue Association (MVFRA) to transport relief items to Sabah.[68] The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) together with local telecommunications companies have started a public fund.[69] The Malaysian Islamic Development Department (JAKIM) has hold a special prayers for the well-being of the people in Sabah and that the earthquake tragedy does not recur.[70] While the Sarawak State Government and Johor Sultan Ibrahim has donated a total MYR1 million (around US$200,000+) respectively.[71][72]

Apart from funds and donations granted by government bodies and big corporations, soon after the heroic Robbi Sapinggi[73][74] was identified as one of the first two victims on the very first day of the earthquake,[75] Robbi's employer, Amazing Borneo, started a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo[76][77] to let people donate to his family especially his newlywed wife and six-month-old son. Many people responded to the campaign to honour his sacrifice and act of bravery.[78]

The Taiwanese Tzu Chi Foundation in Malaysia through its volunteers in Kota Kinabalu conducted a survey to the earthquake site on 6 June for a disaster survey and visiting currently warded victims in local hospital to providing support with the volunteers also accompanied family members of seven victims and handed out cash relief to each of the family.[79]

International reactions

  •  Brunei – Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah has extended his condolences to the Malaysian and Singaporean Prime Ministers.[80]
  •  East Timor – The Government of Timor-Leste offers its condolences to near neighbours Malaysia and Singapore after the loss of life caused by the earthquake and said the nation stands in solidarity with all those affected by the tragedy. Spokesperson for the Government of Timor-Leste, Minister of State Agio Pereira noted, "our thoughts are with all those grieving, particularly those families who have lost their children in this disaster".[81]
  •  Malaysia – The Malaysian Government has extended its profound sympathy and deepest condolences to the families of Sabah's quake victims, including foreign nationals.[82] On 6 June, the State Government of Sabah has announced that 8 June will be declared a day of mourning for Sabah where the flag will be flown at half-mast.[83]
  •  Singapore – Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong hoped for the best on the fate of the missing schoolchildren and their teachers following the earthquake. The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) Crisis Response Team was quickly dispatched to Sabah. Singaporean Ministry of Communications and Information Dr Yaacob Ibrahim expressed his sympathy over the quake; "My thoughts are with the people in Sabah, Malaysia".[84] On 7 June, Prime Minister Lee offered his deepest condolences to all victims and thanked all the Malaysian authorities, the search and rescue teams and hospital staff in Kota Kinabalu, as well as Singaporean officers in the city and Singapore for their efforts. The Singaporean Government declared that 8 June be a national remembrance day with the Singaporean flag being flown at half-mast and a minute of silence being observed at the beginning of all 2015 SEA Games venues.[85][86]

Memorials

On 5 June 2016, a monument in the form of brass plaque etched with the names of the 18 victims was erected near the base of Mount Kinabalu.[87][88]

Notes

  1. ^ Including:
    • 1 Filipino-Singaporean.[35]

See also

References

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States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population GDP (per capita) Abbreviations Access to safe drinking water Availability of toilets Capitals Child nutrition Crime rate Ease of doing business Electricity penetration Exports Fertility rate Forest cover Highest point HDI Home ownership Household size Human trafficking Infant mortality rate Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of vehicles Number of voters Open defecation Origin of ...

 

 

Álex Barrera

Questa voce sull'argomento cestisti spagnoli è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Álex Barrera Nazionalità  Spagna Altezza 196 cm Peso 82 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Ala piccola Squadra  S.P. Burgos Carriera Giovanili A.B. Esplugues2007-2010 Joventut Badalona Squadre di club 2010-2015 Joventut Badalona86 (235)2010-2013→  Prat47 (498)2015-2016 Manresa20 (43)2016-2...

 

 

Overwatch

OverwatchvideogiocoPiattaformaPlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch Data di pubblicazionePlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows: 24 maggio 2016 Nintendo Switch: 15 ottobre 2019 GenereSparatutto in prima persona OrigineStati Uniti SviluppoBlizzard Entertainment PubblicazioneActivision Blizzard DirezioneJeffrey Kaplan, Chris Metzen, Aaron Keller DesignJeremy Craig, Michael Elliott, Scott Mercer ProgrammazioneMike Elliott, John LeFleur Direzione ar...

Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California

Indian tribe in California, United States Official symbol of the colony The Bridgeport Indian Colony of California (Northern Paiute: A'waggu Dükadü, lit. those who eat suckers),[1] formerly known as the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California, is a federally recognized tribe of Northern Paiute Indians in Mono County, California, United States.[2] Reservation Location of Bridgeport Indian Colony The Bridgeport Indian Colony has a federal reservation in Mono County, clos...

 

 

WLTF

Radio station in Martinsburg, West VirginiaWLTFMartinsburg, West VirginiaBroadcast areaEastern Panhandle of West VirginiaPotomac Highlands of West VirginiaCentral MarylandNorthern Shenandoah ValleyNorthern VirginiaFrequency97.5 MHzBrandingToday's 97-5ProgrammingFormatAdult contemporaryOwnershipOwnerWVRC Media(West Virginia Radio Corporation of the Alleghenies)Sister stationsWEPMWICLHistoryFirst air date1949 (75 years ago) (1949)Former call signsWEPM-FM (1949–1973)[1]W...

 

 

User talk:The Transhumanist

The Transhumanist talk page email contributions edit count goodbye This page is best viewed while having a cup of tea. To remind you of this and to help set the mood, I've provided a virtual one. Enjoy. Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good articles Indices A–Z index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Please contact me concerning anything to do wit...

Église San Bartolomeo

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une église ou une cathédrale et l’Italie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Église San Bartolomeo L'entrée et le campanile Présentation Nom local Chiesa di San Bartolomeo Culte Catholique romain Type Église Rattachement la paroisse San Salvador Début de la construction 1170 Fin des travaux 1775 Architecte Giovanni Antonio Scalfarotto (en) (campa...

 

 

Горностай

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Горностай (значения). Горностай Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Челюстнороты...

 

 

42nd Royal Tank Regiment

42nd Royal Tank RegimentCap badge of the Royal Tank RegimentActiveNovember 1938 – October 1956Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyTypeArmouredSizeOne regimentPart ofRoyal Armoured CorpsMotto(s)Fear NaughtMarchQuick: My Boy Willie (all RTR regiments)Slow: The Royal Tank Regiment Slow MarchMilitary unit Troops of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry shelter behind a Matilda II tank of 42 RTR during manoeuvres at Knowsley Park, Prescot, 30 July 1940 The 42nd Royal Tank Regi...

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

 

20 (Twenty)

20 [Twenty]Album studio karya F.T. IslandDirilis16 Mei 2012 (2012-05-16)Direkam2011–12South KoreaGenreRockDurasi44:02BahasaJapaneseLabelWarner Music JapanKronologi F.T. Island Grown-Up(2012)Grown-Up2012 20 [Twenty](2012) Five Treasure Box(2012)Five Treasure Box2012 Singel dalam album 20 Let It Go!Dirilis: 27 Juli 2011 (2011-07-27) DistanceDirilis: 30 November 2011 (2011-11-30) NeverlandDirilis: 18 April 2012 (2012-04-18) Templat:Contains Japanese text 20 [Twenty] (di...

 

 

Karl Holmeier

German politician Karl HolmeierKarl Holmeier in 2013Member of the Bundestag for the Schwandorf (electoral district)In office2009–2021 Personal detailsBorn (1956-09-10) 10 September 1956 (age 67)Weiding, West Germany(now Germany)Political partyCSU Karl Holmeier (born 10 September 1956) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria from 2009 until 2021. Political career Holmeier became a member of the Bundesta...

North Argentine Railway

Former Argentinian railway company (1889–1909) North Argentine RailwaySan Juan train station, former terminus and a museum nowadays.OverviewNative nameFerrocarril Argentino del NorteStatusCompany defunct; rail lines activeOwnerGovernment of ArgentinaLocaleLa Rioja CatamarcaCórdobaServiceTypeInter-cityHistoryOpened1889Closed1909; 115 years ago (1909) (merged to Central Northern Railway)TechnicalLine length2,539 km (1,578 mi)Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft...

 

 

Federasi Sepak Bola Arab Saudi

Federasi Sepak Bola Arab SaudiAFCDidirikan1959Kantor pusatRiyadhBergabung dengan FIFA1959Bergabung dengan AFC1959PresidenSultan Bin Abdul AzizWebsitehttps://www.saff.com.sa/en/ Federasi Sepak Bola Arab Saudi (bahasa Arab: الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم) merupakan badan sepak bola Arab Saudi. Badan ini didirikan pada 1959, dan bergabung baik dengan FIFA maupun dengan AFC pada tahun yang sama. Badan ini bertanggung jawab pada administrasi kompetisi antar klub di Arab Saud...

 

 

1940 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1940 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For related races, see 1940 United States House of Representatives elections. See also: New...

Leopoldo III di Lippe

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento nobili tedeschi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Leopoldo IIIRitratto del principe Leopoldo III di LippePrincipe di LippeStemma In carica1º gennaio 1851 –8 dicembre 1875 PredecessoreLeopoldo II SuccessoreValdemaro TrattamentoSua altezza serenissima NascitaDetmold, 1º settembre 1821 MorteD...

 

 

Levitated Dipole Experiment

LDXLevitated Dipole ExperimentA picture of the LDX chamber on 25 Jan 2010Device typeLevitated dipoleLocationCambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesAffiliationMIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Columbia UniversityTechnical specificationsMajor radius0.34 m (1 ft 1 in)HistoryYear(s) of operation2004–2011Related devicesCollisionless Terrella Experiment (CTX)LinksWebsiteThe Levitated Dipole eXperiment website The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) was an experiment investigating...