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Decades:	1930s; 1940s; 1950s; 1960s; 1970s;
See also:	History of the Soviet Union; List of years in the Soviet Union;

The following lists events that happened during 1959 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Incumbents

January 2 – The Soviet Union successfully launched the Luna 1 satellite from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Luna 1 became the first man-made object to escape the pull of the Earth's gravity.^[1]
January 4 – At 0259 GMT, the Luna 1 satellite became the first man-made object to pass the moon on its way to solar orbit as the first artificial planet.^[2] President Eisenhower congratulated Soviet scientist on achieving "a great stride forward in man's advance into the infinite reaches of outer space", while House leader John W. McCormack commented that "it is time America awoke to its peril".^[3]
January 20 – Soviet Foreign Minister Anastas Mikoyan returned to Moscow after a controversial 17-day tour of the United States.^[4]
January 27 – The 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was opened at Sverdlovsky Hall in Moscow as Nikita Khrushchev welcomed 1,500 delegates, including Communist leaders from 70 nations. For the first time, Western reporters were admitted to the conclave, held for the first time since 1956.^[5]

February 2 – Nine hikers died mysteriously while on an expedition in the Ural Mountains of Russia.^[6]
February 5 – The U.S. State Department released tapes that showed that Soviet jets had shot down an unarmed American Lockheed C-130 transport plane on September 2, 1958. Transmissions between the two fighter planes, identified as "201" and "218", had been intercepted in Turkey. The Soviets denounced the tapes as a "clumsy fake". On the same day, Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev invited U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to visit Moscow, adding that he could bring anyone, and go anywhere, he chose. In his speech, Khrushchev referred to U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and proclaimed, "Mr. Dulles, if you so desire, then for the sake of ending the Cold War, we are even prepared to admit your victory in this war that is unwanted by the peoples. Regard yourselves, gentlemen, as victors in this war, but end it quickly."^[7]
February 28 – At 1:49 PST, Discoverer 1 was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base to serve as a "north–south polar satellite". The launch was actually the first of the Project CORONA reconnaissance satellites used by the CIA to spy on the Soviet Union. The first launch, and the next 11, were failures.^[8] A declassified CIA report concluded that "Today, most people believe the DISCOVERER I landed somewhere near the South Pole."^[9]

27 June – Hennadiy Kernes, Ukrainian politician (d. 2020)
20 October – Alexander Mironenko, Soviet airborne sergeant, Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1980)

^ Daphne Burleson, Space Programs Outside the United States (McFarland, 2005), p230
^ "Soviet Rocket Passes Moon On Way to Sun Orbit or Death", Oakland Tribune, January 4, 1959, p1
^ "Eisenhower Congratulates Red Scientists", Id.
^ "Friendship Letter Sent to Mikoyan", Oakland Tribune, January 20, 1959, p1
^ "Khrushchev Boasts of Arms Might", Oakland Tribune, January 27, 1959, p1
^ Svetlana Osadchuk (February 19, 2008). "Mysterious Deaths of 9 Skiers Still Unresolved". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
^ "Talking Tapes Show Russ Downed U.S. Plane; Nikita Seeks Ike Visit", Oakland Tribune, February 5, 1959, p.1
^ Clayton K. S. Chun, Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006), pp.74–75
^ David L. Hancock, Corona: America's First Satellite Program, By CIA Cold War Records, (Morgan James Publishing, LLC, 2005), p.16 ISBN 9780975857045