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Events from the year
1894 in Italy
.
Kingdom of Italy
Monarch –
Umberto I
(1878–1900)
Prime Minister
–
Francesco Crispi
(1893–1896)
Events
January
The heads of the
Fasci Siciliani
in the courtroom cage at the trial in April 1894
January 3 – Prime Minister
Francesco Crispi
declares a
state of siege
throughout Sicily to quell the revolt of the
Fasci Siciliani
. General
Roberto Morra di Lavriano
is dispatched with 40,000 troops. A
solidarity revolt
of anarchists and republicans in the
Lunigiana
was crushed as well.
[1]
[2]
The old order is restored through the use of extreme force, including
summary executions
. The Fasci are outlawed, the army and the police kill scores of protesters, and hundreds wounded.
January 18 – The
Banca Generale
goes bankrupt.
January 23 – The Bank of Italy suspends advances throughout Italy as its circulation has exceeded the legal limits.
February
February 28 – Prime Minister Crispi reveals the "evidence" for a widespread conspiracy in parliament: the so-called "International Treaty of Bisacquino", signed by the French Government, the Czar of Russia,
Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
, the anarchists and the Vatican, with the goal to detach Sicily from the rest of the country and put it under a Franco-Russian protectorate.
[3]
The Radical deputy
Felice Cavallotti
ridicules the conspiracy of Crispi.
April
April 29 – Opening of the
Roma San Pietro railway station
(
Italian
:
Stazione di Roma San Pietro
) in Rome.
May
May 2 – The
Banca Romana scandal
trial against the directors of the
Banca Romana
for embezzlement and other fraudulent practices begins.
[4]
May 17 – Testimony at the Banca Romana scandal trial reveals that former Prime Minister
Giovanni Giolitti
had been aware of the financial disorder at the
Banca Romana
in 1889 already, but had held back that information. Gioltti also allegedly received money from the bank for election purposes.
[5]
May 19 – The Banca Romana scandal trial is adjourned due to a fierce fist-fight between former Minister
Luigi Miceli
and a Bank Inspector, who testified against Miceli.
[6]
May 30 – The leaders of the
Fasci Siciliani
are sentenced in Palermo:
Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida
to 18 years and
Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
,
Nicola Barbato
and
Bernardino Verro
to 12 years in jail.
[7]
June
The failed attempt to kill Crispi by the anarchist Paolo Lega on June 16, 1894
June 5 – Prime Minister Crispi resigns, but is ordered to reorganise his Cabinet.
[8]
June 16 – Failed attempt to kill Prime Minister
Francesco Crispi
by the anarchist
Paolo Lega
. In this climate of increased the fear of anarchism, Crispi was able to introduce a series of anti-anarchist laws in July 1894, which were also used against socialists. Heavy penalties were announced for “incitement to class hatred” and police received extended powers of preventive arrest and deportation.
[9]
July
July 17 –
Battle of Kassala
between Italian troops and
Mahdist
Sudanese
forces. The Italians are victorious, and capture the town of
Kassala
.
[10]
July 19 – A package of anti-anarchist laws and public safety measures is enacted.
July 28 – The former governor Bernardo Tanlongo of the Banca Romana, the main defendant in the
Banca Romana scandal
and several of his subordinates are acquitted by the Court.
[11]
[12]
October
October 10 – Foundation of the
Banca Commerciale Italiana
(BCI) as the successor of the
Credito Mobiliare
that collapsed during the Italian banking crisis of 1893–1894. The bank specializes in loans to industry, especially to companies in shipping, textiles, and electricity in Northern Italy.
October 22 – The Socialist Party is dissolved by Crispi applying the law of July against subversive associations.
November
November 8 – The
Touring Club Ciclistico Italiano
(TCCI) is founded in
Milan
by a group of bicyclists to promote the values of cycling and travel; its founding president is
Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli
.
November 16 – An earthquake hits
Calabria
and the towns
Reggio Calabria
and
Messina
in
Sicily
.
[13]
December
December 10 – An agreement between the Government and the Bank of Italy about the liquidation of the
Banca Romana
is approved. The Bank of Italy is entrusted with the treasury services throughout Italy. To balance the budget Finance Minister
Sidney Sonnino
announces increased taxes on alcohol, sugar and cotton, as well as an increased tariff on cereals.
[14]
December 11 – Giolitti presents a series of documents that testify to the relations of Crispi with the
Banca Romana scandal
at the Chamber of Deputies, known as the "Giolitti envelope". A committee of five was appointed to examine the new evidence, including
Felice Cavallotti
, one of Crispi’s main allies.
December 15 – The contents of documents submitted by Giolitti to the Chamber of Deputies are made public. Notes of the
Banca Romana
cashier implicate Prime Minister Crispi (with several drafts and a note for 1,050,000 lire), as well as the former president of the Chamber,
Giuseppe Zanardelli
, Giolitti's former Treasury Minister,
Bernardino Grimaldi
and other ex-Ministers. Some journalists received 200,000 lire and others 75,000 lire for press and election services. Letters from the former manager of the
Banco Romana
, Bernardo Tanlongo, explained that the deficit of the bank was due to disbursements to Ministers, Senators and members of the press.
[15]
December 16 – In the Chamber of Deputies, Prime Minister Crispi denounces the Giolitt documents as a mass of lies. Deputy
Matteo Imbriani
wants the report be discussed at once. The motion was lost by a vote of 188 to 176. The Parliament is prorogated by decree amidst increasing protests, but rumours of the Cabinet's resignation are unfounded. Five battalions of infantry have been brought to Rome to quell eventual riots.
[16]
Births
January 6 –
Ferdinando Garimberti
, Italian violin maker (died 1982)
January 20 –
Alfredo Pizzoni
, Italian banker and politician (died 1958)
February 4 –
Nunzio Malasomma
, Italian film director and screenwriter (died 1974)
March 24 –
Elsa Respighi
(née Olivieri-Sangiacomo), Italian composer (died 1996)
April 14 -
Leonarda Cianciulli
, Italian serial killer and cannibal (died 1970)
April 20 –
Enrico Prampolini
, Italian
Futurist
painter, sculptor and scenographer (died 1956)
May 12 –
Clemente Primieri
, Italian general (died 1981)
June 5 –
Giuseppe Tucci
, Italian scholar of oriental cultures, specialising in
Tibet
and history of
Buddhism
(died 1984)
July 3 -
Bianca Scacciati
, Italian operatic soprano (died 1948)
July 6 –
Filippo Zappata
, Italian engineer and aircraft designer (died 1994)
July 8 –
Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
, Italian film director
August 1 –
Ottavio Bottecchia
, Italian cyclist and the first Italian winner of the
Tour de France
(died 1927)
August 20 –
Tecla Scarano
, Italian film actress (died 1978)
September 29 –
Franco Capuana
, Italian conductor
October 30 –
Emilio Materassi
, Italian Grand Prix motor racing driver.
Deaths
February 2 –
Marco Mortara
, Italian rabbi and scholar (born 1815)
February 18 –
Camillo Sivori
, Italian virtuoso violinist and composer (born 1815)
April 13 –
Baldassarre Boncompagni
, Italian historian of mathematics (born 1821)
April 29 –
Giuseppe Battaglini
, Italian mathematician (born 1826)
May 2 –
Pietro Abbà Cornaglia
, Italian organist, concert pianist, and composer (born 1851)
June 13 –
Giovanni Nicotera
, Italian patriot and politician (born 1828)
June 23 –
Marietta Alboni
, Italian contralto opera singer (born 1826)
August 5 –
Giovanni Muzzioli
, Italian painter (born 1854)
August 16 –
Sante Geronimo Caserio
, Italian anarchist and the assassin of
Marie François Sadi Carnot
, President of the
French Third Republic
(born 1873)
August 21 –
Giacomo Durando
, Italian general and statesman (born 1807)
September 20 –
Giovanni Battista de Rossi
, Italian archaeologist, famous outside his field for his rediscovery of early Christian catacombs (born 1822).
December 14 –
Francesco Denza
, Italian meteorologist and astronomer (born 1834)
December 28 –
Caterina Volpicelli
, Italian nun, foundress of the Congregation “Ancelle del Sacro Cuore di Gesù” (Maids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) (born 1839)
References
^
The Italian Government Alarmed; More Troops Called Out for Service in Sicily
, The New York Times, January 4, 1894
^
Martial Law Proclaimed In Sicily; Stern Measures Resorted To to Quiet the Anti-Tax Troubles
, The New York Times, January 5, 1894
^
(in Italian)
I contadini in ginocchio
, La Sicilia, January 8, 2012
^
The Banca Romana Trials Begun
, The New York Tomes, May 3, 1894
^
They Accuse Giolotti
, The New York Times, May 18, 1894
^
Adjournment In An Uproar; Almost A Riot At The Trial Of An Italian Banker
, The New York Times, May 20, 1894
^
Sicilian Rioters Sentenced
, The New York Times, May 31, 1894
^
Crispi's Ministry Resigns; King Humbert Will Probably Recall His Premier
, The New York Times, June 6, 1894
^
Seton-Watson,
Italy from liberalism to fascism
, pp. 165-67
^
Italian Victory In Africa
, New York Times, 20 July 1894
^
(in Italian)
Tanlongo, il maestro di Calvi e Sindona
, Corriere della Sera, April 26, 1993
^
Tanlongo Not Guilty; Jury Acquits Him of Fraud in Managing the Banca Romana
, The New York Times, July 29, 1894
^
Terror Reigns In Italy
, The New York Times, November 18, 1894
^
Increased Taxation In Italy; Chamber of Deputies Approves the Scheme Outlined by Sonnino
, The New York Times, December 11, 1894
^
Accusing Signor Crispi; The Banca Romana Chest of Documents a Pandora's Box
, The New York Times, December 16, 1894
^
Soldiers To Guard Rome; Troops Ordered to the City in Anticipation of Riots
, The New York Times, December 17, 1894
Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).
Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870-1925
, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1967
ISBN
0-416-18940-7
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