1866 National Union Convention

Meeting of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia, August 14, 1866—Sketched by C. H. Wells (Harper's Weekly, September 1, 1866)

The National Union Convention (also known as the Loyalist Convention, the Southern Loyalist Convention, the National Loyalists' Loyal Union Convention, or the Arm-In-Arm Convention) was held on August 14–16, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[1]

Convention

The convention was called in Philadelphia before the midterm elections of 1866, in an attempt to encourage political support for US President Andrew Johnson, who was under attack by both moderate and Radical Republicans. Johnson's friends tried to rally support for his lenient pro-South Reconstruction policies. Some hoped to create a new political party, but that goal was not realized.^[2] For their part, Republican-aligned newspapers called it the Rebel–Johnson convention, insinuating Johnson's true loyalty was to the Confederacy.^[3]

Delegates gathered at a hastily built temporary structure that was designed to accommodate the several thousand people expected to attend. Formally called "the Wigwam," the immense edifice was on Girard Avenue, between 19th and 20th Streets, across from Philadelphia's Girard College.^[2]

The convention voted on a resolution supporting black suffrage. Governor Arthur I. Boreman argued against it as "we did not come here to commit suicide" and that passing the resolution would have them "damned to all eternity". Frederick Douglass, attending the convention despite pleas from Oliver P. Morton, was one of two black delegates to the convention and argued for passing the resolution.^[4]

About 7000 prominent politicians and activists attended the convention. At its opening, representatives from Massachusetts (General Darius Nash Couch) and South Carolina (Governor James Lawrence Orr) paraded arm-in-arm to symbolize national reconciliation and social equity. The convention was called to order by US Postmaster General Alexander Randall. General (and former New York Governor and Senator) John Adams Dix served as the temporary chairman and Wisconsin Senator James R. Doolittle served as permanent convention president.

In the end, the convention was not successful in unifying the country behind Johnson. He launched a speaking tour (known as the "Swing Around the Circle") hoping to regain public and political support. On the speaking tour, Johnson at times attacked his Republican opponents with crude and abusive language and on several occasions appeared to have had too much to drink. Ultimately, the tour was a disaster for Johnson and emboldened Congress to override him and to impeach him in 1868.^[2]

Notable attendees

Notable attendees of the National Union Convention include:

Augustus C. Baldwin, U.S. Representative from Michigan
John Minor Botts, U.S. Representative from Virginia
Augustus Brandegee, U.S. Representative from Connecticut
George Briggs, U.S. Representative from New York
Ralph P. Buckland, U.S. Representative from Ohio
Darius Couch, U.S. Army General
John Covode, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
Edgar Cowan, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
James A. Cravens, U.S. Representative from Indiana
William Earl Dodge, U.S. Representative from New York
James Rood Doolittle, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin
William McKee Dunn, U.S. Representative from Indiana
Joseph Barton Elam, U.S. Representative from Louisiana
James Edward English, U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Connecticut
Nathan A. Farwell, U.S. Senator from Maine
Thomas W. Ferry, U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Michigan
Horace Greeley, publisher and U.S. Representative from New York
William S. Groesbeck, state legislator from Ohio
Andrew Jackson Hamilton, U.S. Representative from Texas
Aaron Harding, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
James Harlan, U.S. Senator from Iowa
James K. Holland, state legislator from Texas
Samuel Hooper, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
George S. Houston, U.S. Representative from Alabama
Jacob Merritt Howard, U.S. Senator from Michigan
Reverdy Johnson, U.S. Senator from Maryland
William Lawrence, U.S. Representative from Ohio
John Wesley Longyear, U.S. Representative from Michigan
Samuel S. Marshall, U.S. Representative from Illinois
Horace Maynard, U.S. Representative from Tennessee
Robert Mallory, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson, U.S. Representative from Tennessee
Richard Oglesby, Governor of Illinois
James Lawrence Orr, Governor of South Carolina
Halbert E. Paine, U.S. Representative from Wisconsin
George Hunt Pendleton, U.S. Senator from Ohio
Cyrus L. Pershing, jurist and later candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania
Thomas G. Pratt, Governor and U.S. Senator from Maryland
Henry Jarvis Raymond, U.S. Representative from New York
James S. Rollins, U.S. Representative from Missouri
Robert Cumming Schenck, U.S. Representative from Ohio
James Speed, U.S. Attorney General
John Dodson Stiles, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
Byron Gray Stout, U.S. Representative from Michigan
John L.N. Stratton, U.S. Representative from New Jersey
Lorenzo D.M. Sweat, U.S. Representative from Maine
William Barrett Washburn, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
Peter Godwin Van Winkle, U.S. Senator from West Virginia
Fernando Wood, copperhead Mayor of New York City

Clement Vallandigham, a copperhead from Ohio, was elected to the convention but withdrew to avoid disturbing the harmony of the convention.

Thomas Nast's rendition of news reports about the convention

See also

References

^ McKitrick (1960), pp. 394–420.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wagstaff (1968).
^ "Johnson argues post-Civil War Congress is unrepresentative". The Franklin Repository. 1866-08-29. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-22 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Abbott 1986, p. 68-71.

Works cited

Abbott, Richard (1986). The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807816809.
McKitrick, Eric (1960). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. University of Chicago Press. pp. 394–420. LCCN 60005467. OCLC 1476846.
Wagstaff, Thomas (1968). "The Arm-in-Arm Convention". Civil War History. 14 (2): 101–119. doi:10.1353/cwh.1968.0036. S2CID 144301855.

Further reading

The proceedings of the National union convention, held at Philadelphia, August 14, 1866 at Internet Archive. primary sources

External links

Address to President, by Hon. Reverdy Johnson, Aug. 18, 1866, communicating proceedings National Union Convention entered into the record of Johnson's impeachment trial.

v t e Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States (1865–1869) 16th Vice President of the United States (1865) Senator from Tennessee (1857–1862, 1875) 15th Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857, 1862–1865)
Pre-presidency	Homestead Acts Southern Unionist War Democrat 1864 U.S. presidential election 1864 National Union Convention Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address Kirkwood House
Presidency	Inauguration of Andrew Johnson Foreign policy Judicial appointments Reconstruction era Pardons for ex-Confederates State of the Union, 1865 1866 1867 1868 Colorado Territory Alaska Purchase Reconstruction Acts Judicial Circuits Act Civil Rights Act of 1866 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Vetoes Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Trial First impeachment inquiry Second impeachment inquiry Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 1868 impeachment managers investigation Politics: National Union Party 1866 National Union Convention Swing Around the Circle 1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections 1868 Democratic Convention
Public image	Andrew Johnson National Cemetery Andrew Johnson National Historic Site President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library Andy's Trip (1866) Southern Justice (1867) Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum (1867) Tennessee Johnson (1942)
Family	Eliza McCardle Johnson (wife) Martha Johnson Patterson (daughter) David T. Patterson (son-in-law) Charles Johnson (son) Mary Johnson Stover (daughter) Daniel Stover (son-in-law) Robert Johnson (son) Frank Johnson (son)
Slaves	Andrew Johnson and slavery Henry Brown Elizabeth J. Forby Dolly Johnson Henry Johnson Sam Johnson William A. Johnson Florence J. Smith
Related	Bibliography of Andrew Johnson Alcoholism debate Mrs. Harold Ledger-removal allegation Buell Commission records Treason must be made odious
← Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant → ← Hannibal Hamlin Schuyler Colfax → Category

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