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1231 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1231; MCCXXXI
Ab urbe condita	1984
Armenian calendar	680; ԹՎ ՈՁ
Assyrian calendar	5981
Balinese saka calendar	1152–1153
Bengali calendar	638
Berber calendar	2181
English Regnal year	15 Hen. 3 – 16 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1775
Burmese calendar	593
Byzantine calendar	6739–6740
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger); 3928 or 3721; — to —; 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit); 3929 or 3722
Coptic calendar	947–948
Discordian calendar	2397
Ethiopian calendar	1223–1224
Hebrew calendar	4991–4992
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1287–1288
- Shaka Samvat	1152–1153
- Kali Yuga	4331–4332
Holocene calendar	11231
Igbo calendar	231–232
Iranian calendar	609–610
Islamic calendar	628–629
Japanese calendar	Kangi 3; (寛喜３年)
Javanese calendar	1140–1141
Julian calendar	1231; MCCXXXI
Korean calendar	3564
Minguo calendar	681 before ROC; 民前681年
Nanakshahi calendar	−237
Thai solar calendar	1773–1774
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年; (male Iron-Tiger); 1357 or 976 or 204; — to —; 阴金兔年; (female Iron-Rabbit); 1358 or 977 or 205

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century ; 14th century;
Decades:	1210s; 1220s; 1230s ; 1240s; 1250s;
Years:	1228; 1229; 1230; 1231 ; 1232; 1233; 1234;

Year 1231 (MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (Liber Augustalis), a collection of laws for Sicily, as well as the Edict of Salerno, regulating the exercise of medicine and separating the professions of physician and apothecary, and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.^[1]
Reconquista:
- Castillian forces under King Ferdinand III ("the Saint") re-conquer the city of Quesada.^[2]
- Battle of Jerez: Ferdinand III defeats Emir Ibn Hud of the Taifa of Murcia.
Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, negotiates a 3-year truce between England and France.^[3]

Britain

Spring – Hubert de Burgh becomes a powerful lord in the Welsh Marches, controlling the castles at Cardigan and Carmarthen. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against Norman lordship in Wales.
August 13 – King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort the elder.
December – Henry III ends his Welsh campaign and makes peace with Llywelyn the Great.^[4]
The University of Cambridge is recognised by a writ of authority over its townspeople from Henry III.^[5]

Levant

Autumn – Frederick II appoints Marshal Richard Filangieri as his imperial legate, and sends an expeditionary army of mostly Lombards for the defense of Jerusalem. He gathers some 600 knights, 100 "sergeants-at-arms", 700 armed infantrymen, and 3,000 marines. The army is supported by 32 war-galleys.^[6]
War of the Lombards: Richard Filangieri sails for Beirut, where the town is handed over to him. He occupies Sidon and Tyre – while other Lombard forces appear before Acre. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador (baili).^[7]

China

April 9 – A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of Hangzhou during the Song dynasty. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.

Mongol Empire

August – Ögedei Khan orders the invasion of Korea. A Mongol army crosses the Yalu River and quickly secures the surrender of the border town of Uiju. The Mongols are joined by Hong Pok-wŏn, a Goryeo general, who takes their side with his subordinates numbering some 1500 families.^[8]
Siege of Kuju: Mongol forces besiege the city of Kuju. They deploy assault teams who man siege towers and scale ladders. Despite the fact the Goryeo army is heavily outnumbered, the garrison refuses to surrender.

By topic

Religion

April 13 – Pope Gregory IX issues Parens scientiarum. The bull assures the independence and self-governance of the University of Paris.

Births

March 17 – Shijō (Mitsuhito), emperor of Japan (d. 1242)
Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and engineer (d. 1316)
James Salomoni, Italian Dominican priest and prior (d. 1314)
John de Warenne, English nobleman and knight (d. 1304)
John of Burgundy, French nobleman and knight (d. 1268)
Philip of Castile, Spanish prince and archbishop (d. 1274)
Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and knight (d. 1282)
Tommaso degli Stefani, Italian painter and artist (d. 1310)
Yolanda of Vianden, Luxembourgian prioress (d. 1283)

Deaths

April 6 – William Marshal, English nobleman (b. 1190)
May 7 – Beatrice II, French countess palatine (b. 1193)
June 13 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese priest (b. 1195)
July 2 – Henry I, German nobleman (House of Zähringen)
August 3 – Richard le Grant, archbishop of Canterbury
August 28 – Eleanor of Portugal, queen consort of Denmark
September – Ibn Muti al-Zawawi, Almohad jurist, philologian and writer
September 3 – William II, French nobleman (b. 1196)
September 15 – Louis I, German nobleman (b. 1173)
November 3 – Władysław III, Polish nobleman (b. 1167)
November 6 – Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan (b. 1196)
November 9 – Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Abbasid physician (b. 1162)
November 17 – Elizabeth, Hungarian princess (b. 1207)
November 28 – Valdemar the Young, king of Denmark
December 7 – Richardis, German noblewoman (b. 1173)
December 11 – Ida of Nivelles, Flemish nun and mystic
December 25 – Folquet de Marselha, French bishop
Abu Said al-Baji, Almohad leader and scholar (b. 1156)
Aurembiaix, Spanish countess (House of Urgell) (b. 1196)
Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire, Irish historian, poet and writer
Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Landgravine of Thuringia, German noblewoman (b. 1206)
Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, Spanish nobleman (b. 1160)
Ibn al-Qattan, Almohad imam, scholar and intellectual
Jalal al-Din Mangburni, ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire
Matthew FitzHerbert, English nobleman and high sheriff
Meinhard II, Count of Gorizia ("the Elder"), German nobleman and knight
William of Auxerre, French archdeacon and theologian
Zhao Rukuo, Chinese historian and politician (b. 1170)

References

^ Rashdall, Hastings (1895). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. p. 85. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Close Rolls.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 164. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 165. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination, p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.

[1] Rashdall, Hastings (1895). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Clarendon Press. p. 85. Retrieved November 20, 2016.

[linehan1999c-2] Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–673. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.

[CBH-3] Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.

[4] Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[5] Close Rolls.

[6] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 164. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[7] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 165. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[8] Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005). Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination, p. 240. International Journal of Korean History.

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