The Škoda Octavia is a small family car (C-segment) produced by the Czechcar manufacturerŠkoda Auto since the end of 1996. It shares its name with an earlier model produced between 1959 and 1971. Four generations of the modern-era Octavia model have been introduced to date, delivered with five-door liftback or five-door estate styles only. The car is front engined and both front- or four-wheel drive are offered. Around five million units have been sold in its two decades of presence on the market.[1] The Octavia is Škoda's most popular model; about 40% of all newly manufactured Škoda cars are Octavias.[2]
The current generation is available in a wide range of derivatives, i.e. sporty Octavia RS, estate Octavia Combi, four-wheel drive Octavia Scout, frugal Octavia GreenLine and CNG-powered Octavia G-TEC.[3]
4,511 mm (177.6 in) (1996–00) 4,507 mm (177.4 in) (2000–10, liftback) 4,513 mm (177.7 in) (2000–10, estate)
Width
1,731 mm (68.1 in)
Height
1,429 mm (56.3 in) (1996–00, liftback) 1,448 mm (57.0 in) (1996–00, estate) 1,431 mm (56.3 in) (2000–10, liftback) 1,457 mm (57.4 in) (2000–10, estate)
Škoda Octavia (pre-facelift)Interior (facelift)
Škoda Octavia VRS
Estate (facelift)
Liftback (facelift)
The first generation Octavia was released in November 1996 for the 1997 model year and was built at the modernised Škoda factory in Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic.[6] This generation was made available in liftback or estate styles.
In the United Kingdom, sales began in 1998 and the mid-size car was a success, nearing the success of established large family car favourites such as the Ford Mondeo and Vauxhall Vectra.[9]
The first generation Octavia had a facelift in 2000[10] for the 2001 model year, and was still manufactured and marketed in some markets, even after the second generation was introduced in 2004. In Germany, and other parts of West Europe, as well as Asia, the first generation model was marketed as the Octavia Tour, while the newer model is marketed as the Octavia. In some markets, the first generation Octavia was still known as Octavia, and the newer model was referred to as the new Octavia, Octavia5 (Greece) or Laura (India).
In India, the Octavia was launched in 2002 and was an instant hit for its frugal engines and solid build. It became a huge success in India, selling 44,900 units.[11]
Revisions to the facelifted model included independent rear suspension and revised interior.[12]
The facelifted Octavia featured a 4x4 wheel drive version both for the estate and more popular liftback models, and used the Haldex Traction clutch, like other Volkswagen Group A platform based cars (Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Audi A3 and SEAT LeónCupra R4). It had higher ground clearance and a bigger fuel tank carrying 63-litre (17 US gal; 14 imp gal) compared to the 55-litre (15 US gal; 12 imp gal) standard front wheel drive versions.
The 4x4 option was only available with the 1.8 T 150 bhp (112 kW; 152 PS) petrol engine, the 1.9 TDI 90 bhp (67 kW; 91 PS) diesel engine, or the 2.0 L petrol engine, all coupled with a 5-speed manual gearbox, and with the 1.9 TDI-PD (Pumpe-Düse) 100 bhp (75 kW; 101 PS) diesel engine which came with a 6-speed manual gearbox.[13]
The other 6-speed manual model was the 1.9 TDI-PD 131 bhp (98 kW; 133 PS), only available with front-wheel-drive.[13]
The RS (vRS in the UK) was the top-level and quickest specification and used a 1.8-litre straight-4 turbocharged engine which produced 178 bhp (133 kW; 180 PS). Škoda made a limited number of 100 WRC Replica Cars worldwide in 2002. These differ from normal RS Octavias, as they are produced in white, have rally decals and have additional accessories as standard (such as ESP, xenon lights, heated front seats).
Engines
The engines used are the same as for many other cars in the Volkswagen Group:[13]
In Greece only.It was the dealer's package for the latest 20VT equipped cars.Instead of the "20V turbo" badge it had the "GT 193HP"on the trunk.The package includes,reprogrammed ECU(from a Greek ECU tuner named "Maravellias"),some details from the RS model (front and rear bumpers,wheels,steering wheel,rear spoiler and exhaust) and KW suspension.Even though the dealership announced 193 hp (144 kW), not even one car managed to reach that number on dynometer.They barely reach 175 hp (130 kW). The majority of buyers re-programmed their ECUs to other tuners for better results.[citation needed]
A special version of the Octavia, lengthened by 8 cm (3.1 in), was produced in 2001 and only intended for government purposes. It was available in the Laurin & Klement trim (which included air conditioning, leather and cruise control among others), but also equipped with other features such as a telephone, reading lights and folding tables.[14] The length was achieved by widening the centre pillar, increasing space for the rear seat passengers.
Supposedly, Škoda delivered only 25 automobiles to the state administration, five of them in the facelifted version. All were hand-built and the factory sold them below the build price.
Safety
Euro NCAP test results Škoda Octavia 1.9 TDi Ambiente (LHD) (2001)[15]
Škoda Laura (India) Škoda Octavia Tour (pre-facelift version, 2010-12) Škoda Octavia Mingrui (China, since facelift in 2010) Škoda Fantasia (Egypt, facelift, 2009-2013) Škoda Scout (Spain, Octavia Scout)[16]
Petrol: 1.2 L TSISOHCI4 1.3 L MPIOHV I4 1.4 L MPI DOHC I4 1.4 L TSI DOHC I4 1.6 L SOHC I4 1.6 L MPI SOHC I4 1.6 L FSI DOHC I4 1.8 L TSI DOHC I4 2.0 L MPI DOHC I4 2.0 L FSI DOHC I4 2.0 L TFSI DOHC I4 2.0 L TSI DOHC I4 Diesel: 1.6 L TDICR DOHC I4 1.9 L TDI PD SOHC I4 2.0 L TDI PD SOHC I4 2.0 L TDI PD DOHC I4 2.0 L TDI CR DOHC I4
Responsible for the design were Thomas Ingenlath and Peter Wouda. Along with a new internal-combustion engine range, also shared with other models of the Volkswagen Group, body changes included more legroom for rear-seat passengers (a weak point in the original model) and increased ground clearance at front and rear to reduce the risk of grounding on steep ramps or facing kerbs.
In addition to the Czech factories in Mladá Boleslav and Vrchlabí, from 2008, the Octavia has also been produced at a factory in Bratislava, Slovakia,[18] and in Shanghai, China, under the joint venture of Shanghai Volkswagen.[19] In Russia, the Octavia is assembled at the Volkswagen plant in Kaluga.[20]
In India, the second-generation Octavia was marketed as the Laura to distinguish it from the first generation.[21] The car was marketed in a higher-income segment, and was sold alongside the previous-generation Octavia. However, the first generation ended production in India in 2010,[22] and as of 2012, the Laura's price was reduced and was competing in its predecessor's segment.
Two four-wheel-drive versions of the Octavia are made: the 4x4 and the Scout, both featuring a Haldex Traction four-wheel-drive system, based on a computer-controlled clutch centre coupling. The two models both have higher ground clearance than the standard Octavia, increased by 24 mm (0.9 in) for the 4x4 and by 40 mm (1.6 in) for the Scout.
The Scout, announced in 2006,[23] is only available with the estate body style, and has several crossover-style exterior modifications, such as larger bumpers.
In August 2011, a special Škoda Octavia RS hit the world record on the American Bonneville Speedway and became the fastest car in the world with an up to two-litre engine, when it hit 365.43 km/h (227 mph).[24]
In the United Kingdom, the Octavia is available in these trim levels: Classic (now called S), Ambiente (now called SE), 4x4 (estate only), Elegance, Laurin & Klement, Scout 4x4 (estate only), and vRS. All models come with four airbags, electric front windows, air conditioning, central locking and antilock braking system. In some markets, including British[26] and Czech,[27] a version aimed to lower fuel consumption called Greenline is also available. As of September 2011, trim levels have been renamed to Active (Classic) and Ambition (Ambiente).
Facelift
A facelifted version was launched in 2009, after being formally unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show.[28] The modifications of the facelifted version include aesthetic exterior changes, mechanical changes, and interior features.[29] Externally, the designs of the headlights and bumpers were revised. Some changes were made to the range of available engines and manual and automatic gearboxes, with the 1.4 TSI and 1.8 TSI engines and the seven-speed direct-shift gearbox transmission available for the first time. Inside the car, the stereo and steering wheels were revised, along with some of the interior trim.
Combi facelift (front view)
Combi facelift (rear view)
Liftback facelift (front view)
Liftback facelift (rear view)
Interior facelift
Octavia RS facelift
Octavia Scout facelift
Safety
Euro NCAP test results Škoda Octavia 1.6 Ambiente (RHD) (2004)[30]
Petrol: 1.0 L TSIDOHCI3 1.2 L TSI DOHC I4 1.4 L TSI DOHC I4 1.6 L MPI DOHC I4 (for Egypt/Russia/China)[34] 1.8 L TSI DOHC I4 2.0 L TSI DOHC I4 Petrol CNG: 1.4 L TSI DOHC I4 Diesel: 1.6 L TDICR DOHC I4 2.0 L TDI CR DOHC I4
The third-generation Octavia was revealed on 11 December 2012 at the Škoda Museum in Mladá Boleslav.[38] The car began to appear in showrooms in key European markets in February 2013.
Previously, photos of the car covered in light camouflage were released to the media in late October 2012,[39] after other pre-production cars had already been spotted on several occasions during the same month.[40][41][42] It was once again spotted, this time without camouflage, on 18 November 2012 in Santiago, Chile, in both liftback and estate body styles, during the filming of a TV advertisement.[43]
Liftback
Estate
Interior
Octavia RS (liftback)
Octavia RS (estate)
Octavia Scout
The car, designed by Jozef Kabaň, recalls the VisionD concept car presented in 2011. The new model is 9 cm (3.54 in) longer and 4.5 cm (1.77 in) wider than the second generation and the wheelbase lengthened by 8 cm (3.15 in). It is also up to 102 kg lighter than the previous model. The interior length of the third-generation Škoda Octavia has grown - in comparison to its predecessor - by 33 mm (1.30 in) to 1,782 mm (70.16 in), while the legroom for the backseat passengers grew by 47 mm (1.85 in) to now 73 mm (2.87 in). The headroom in the back was increased to 980 mm (38.58 in) (Octavia II: 966 mm (38.03 in)). The elbow width was also increased, in the front by 39 mm (1.54 in) to 1,454 mm (57.24 in), and in the rear by 26 mm (1.02 in) to 1,499 mm (59.02 in). Similarly, the shoulder room was optimised, in the front to 1,398 mm (55.04 in) by adding 19 mm (0.75 in), and in the rear to 1,378 mm (54.25 in), a plus of 4 mm (0.16 in). The luggage compartment volume is a class leading 590 L (20.84 cu ft), slightly more than the 585 L (20.66 cu ft) of the previous generation model or 565 L (19.95 cu ft) of the larger Volkswagen Passat.[44] From May 2013, Octavia customers wishing to carry more can opt for the Combi (estate) version with its 610 L (21.54 cu ft) luggage capacity.[45]
The third-generation Octavia is the first Škoda car to feature front radar and a multifunction camera. The radar sensor in the front bumper monitors the area in front of the vehicle and continually evaluates the distance, direction, and speed of all nearby objects (not only traffic). This radar provides data for two assistants in the Octavia: Front Assistant (forward collision warning and emergency braking) and Adaptive Cruise Assistant (adaptive cruise control). A monochromatic fixed-focus multifunction camera is mounted on the windscreen in front of the rear mirror and allows the function of Lane Assistant (lane-keeping system), Intelligent Light Assistant (automatic control of the high beams), and Traffic Sign Recognition (recognises and shows traffic signs on displays of both on-board computer and satellite navigation). Added to this are assists, whose functionality is based on evaluating data provided by ESC or steering sensors: Crew Protect Assistant (proactive passenger protection), and Driver Activity Assistant (fatigue detection).
The Octavia features numerous so-called ‘Simply Clever‘ details, i.e. an ice scraper inside the fuel filler flap, a rubbish bin inside the door panel, a parking ticket holder and a double-sided (rubber/textile) floor mat in the boot. A tilting/sliding panoramic sunroof is available as an option – a single-piece for the Octavia liftback and two-piece for the Octavia Combi. The Bolero, Amundsen, and Columbus car radios are protected against theft by the physical separation of the central display and the multimedia system's own central unit. The Octavia also offers a Phone Box, a storage compartment for a mobile phone with a planar antenna at the bottom of the compartment, which permits a so-called inductive exterior antenna connection.
For the front-wheel drive Octavia, engine outputs are offered of 63–132 kW (86–179 PS) on petrol cars and 66–110 kW (90–150 PS) for the diesel engines. The two environmentally friendly versions of the Octavia are: the GreenLine version with 1.6-litre diesel produces only 85 grams of CO2 per km; the G-TEC is fitted with 1.4-litre TSI engine running on CNG and emitting 97 grams of CO2 per km. The all-wheel-drive Octavia Combi can be powered by one petrol (1.8 TSI/132 kW) and three diesel engines (ranging from 77 to 135 kW).
The Octavia RS, available in both the liftback and estate body styles, was premiered at the Goodwood Festival of Speed 2013. It features the 162 kW (220 PS) 2.0 TSI engine from the newly launched Volkswagen Golf GTI and the 135 kW (184 PS) 2.0 TDI engine from the Volkswagen Golf GTD. With a top speed of 248 km/h (154 mph), the Octavia RS with petrol engine and manual gearbox was acclaimed to be the fastest production Octavia ever. In comparison with the standard car, the sports Octavia features progressive steering (variable-ratio steering), sports chassis, electronic differential lock (XDS), and so-called ‘Performance Sound Generator‘, that enhances the sporty sound of the engine. The source of sound vibrations is the electromagnetic pulse generator placed in the area under/in front of the windshield. The sound vibrations are spreading into the car's cabin through the body and the windshield. The frequency and intensity of the sound are dependent not only on the profile chosen but also on the engine revolutions, driving speed, and engine load (the throttle pedal position). The generated sound is directed inside the cabin, especially to the front seat area. Škoda used the 2015 Geneva Motor Show to shine the spotlight on its new and more powerful Octavia RS 230. The car has 230 PS (10 PS more than stock) and this helps it shave a tenth off its benchmark sprint time and adds 2 km/h to the car's top speed which increases to 250 km/h (155 mph); it also gets a standard electronic differential in this version and lower, stiffer springs.
In early 2014, Škoda revealed the Scout; it has raised suspension, plastic cladding, and four-wheel drive.
In 2016, the Czech brand announced that one million units of the third generation Octavia had been produced.[46]
In early 2017, the third-generation facelift Octavia arrived in the showrooms, with the main visible difference being the split front headlights looking like the pre-facelift Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212).[47]
Engines
Overview of engines available for the third-generation Octavia (A7, Typ 5E) with front-wheel drive, including the RS version.
On 10 January 2017 in Vienna, Škoda presented the third-generation Octavia facelift. The main changes brought mainly split front headlights, a solid centre section between the front grille, and a new system for predictive pedestrian protection. Plastic (exterior) side door mouldings were absent on the facelift Scout model. The first cars were delivered to customers before spring.[48] The Chinese version leaked in March 2017 and a totally different taillight design and similar to its bigger counterpart, Škoda Superb.[49]
2017 facelift (front view, estate)
2017 facelift (rear view, estate)
2017 facelift (rear view, Scout)
2017 facelift (front view, liftback)
2017 facelift (rear view, liftback)
2017 facelift in China (front view, liftback)
2017 facelift in China (rear view, liftback)
Interior (facelift, liftback)
Safety
Euro NCAP test results Škoda Octavia 1.6 Ambition (LHD) (2013)[50]
The fourth-generation Octavia was revealed in Prague on 11 November 2019. It was scheduled to be delivered to customers starting from June 2020.
The fourth generation Octavia features many new technologies. It is the first Škoda model to use a head-up display. Other new technologies include two 10" displays, wireless smartphone charging, up to 5 USB-C ports, a new Sound System by Canton, and the classic shifting stick for the automatic gearbox has been replaced with a small joystick. New safety features include taking control of steering in case of a possible accident, checking for oncoming vehicles when opening doors, and detection of the driver falling asleep or losing consciousness.
Since June 2020, the Octavia is sold as an estate and liftback with standard petrol and diesel engines. As well as a plug-in hybrid Octavia iV estate and liftback sport Octavia RS[52] estate and liftback, CNG/petrol Octavia G-Tec estate and liftback.
The liftback version was also sold in China since 2021 as the Octavia Pro and sold alongside the third-generation models. Design wise, the Octavia Pro features an identical exterior design with the Octavia RS. It is longer compared to its European counterpart by 64 mm (2.5 in) with a 44 mm (1.7 in) longer wheelbase.[53]
Liftback
Combi
Octavia RS (liftback)
Octavia RS (estate)
Octavia Scout
Octavia Pro (China)
Interior
Engines
Engine
Fuel type
Transmission
Max. power; rpm
Max. torque (rpm)
Top speed
0–100 km/h
(0-62 mph)
Fuel
consumption
CO2
emissions
1.0 TSI
petrol
6-speed manual, FWD
81 kW (110 hp);
5500
200 Nm
(148 lb•ft);
2000-3000
202 km/h
(126 mph)
10.9 s
4.7 L/100 km;
50 US MPG;
60 MPG (imperial)
107 g/km
1.4 TSI
petrol
6-speed manual / 8-Speed Automatic, FWD
110 kW (150 hp);
5000-6000
250 Nm
(184 lb•ft);
1500-3500
222 km/h (138 mph)
8.2 s
4.8 L/100 km;
49 US MPG;
59 MPG (imperial)
131 g/km
1.4TSI PHEV
petrol & electric
6-speed automatic,
FWD
150 kW (204 hp);
5000-6000
250 Nm
(184.4 lb•ft);
1550-3500
220 km/h (137 mph)
7.5 s
0.98-1.06 L/100 km;
240-222 US MPG;
288-266 MPG (imperial)
20.92-23.85 g/km
1.4 TSI PHEV (for RS model)
petrol & electric
6-speed automatic, FWD
180 kW
(245 hp);
5000-6000
400 Nm
(295.02 lb•ft);
1500-3500
225 km/h
(139 mph)
7.3 s
1.02- 1.17 L/100 km;
231-201 US MPG;
277-241 MPG (imperial)
25.58 - 26.89 g/km
1.5 TGI
CNG & petrol
6-speed manual / 7 speed automatic,
FWD
96 kW (131 hp);
5000-6000
200 Nm
(148.5 lb•ft);
1400-4000
218 km/h
(mph)
9.5 s (Manual)
9.6 s
(Automatic)
5.5-5.8 / 5.7-6.1 m³/100 km
98.3-104.6 / 102.2-108.8 g/km
1.5 TSI
petrol
6-speed manual, FWD
110 kW
(150 hp);
5000-6000
250 Nm
(184 lb•ft);
1500-3500
224 km/h
(139 mph)
8.4 s
4.8 L/100 km;
49 US MPG;
59 MPG (imperial)
111 g/km
1.6 MPI
petrol
6-speed automatic,
FWD
81 kW (110 hp);
5800
152 Nm
(114 lb•ft);
3800-4000
199 km/h (124 mph)
12.4 s
6.9 L/100 km;
34 US MPG;
41 MPG (imperial)
2.0 TSI (for RS model)
petrol
6-speed manual / 7-speed automatic, FWD
180 kW
(245 hp);
5000-6000
370 Nm
(273 lb•ft);
1500-2500
250 km/h
(155 mph)
6.8 s (Manual) 6.7 s (Automatic)
6.95 - 7.04 L/100 km;
34-33 US MPG;
41-40 MPG (imperial)
157.87 - 159.92 g/km
2.0 TSI AWD
petrol
7-speed automatic, AWD
140 kw (190 hp);
4200-6000
320 Nm
(236 lb•ft)
1500-4100
239 km/h (149 mph)
6.8 s
6.9-7.3 L/100 km;
34-32 US MPG;
41-39 MPG (imperial)
157.6-166.7 g/km
2.0 TDI
diesel
6-speed manual, FWD
85 kW
(115 hp);
2750-4250
300 Nm
(221 lb•ft);
1500-2500
205 km/h
(127 mph)
10.4 s
3.5 L/100 km;
67 US MPG;
80 MPG (imperial)
93 g/km
2.0 TDI
diesel
7-speed automatic, FWD
110 kW
(150 hp);
3000-4200
340 Nm
(251 lb•ft);
1700-2750
222 km/h
(138 mph)
8.9 s
3.7 L/100 km;
64 US MPG;
76 MPG (imperial)
97 g/km
2.0 TDI
diesel
7-speed automatic, FWD/4WD
147 kW
(200 hp);
3000-4200
400 Nm
(295 lb•ft);
1700-2750
249 km/h
(154 mph)
7.4 s
4.99 - 5.06 L/100 km;
47-46 US MPG;
57-56 MPG (imperial)
130.74 - 132.76 g/km
Liftback engines:
Engine
Fuel type
Transmission
Max. power; rpm
Max. torque (rpm)
Top speed
0–100 km/h
(0-62 mph)
Fuel
consumption
CO2
emissions
1.0 TSI
petrol
6-speed manual, FWD
81 kW (110 hp)
5500
200 Nm
(148 lb•ft)
2000-3000
208 km/h
(129 mph)
10.8 s
4.6 L/100 km;
51 US MPG;
61 MPG (imperial)
105 g/km
1.5 TSI
petrol
6-speed manual, FWD
110 kW
(150 hp);
5000-6000
250 Nm
(184 lb•ft);
1500-3500
230 km/h
(143 mph)
8.2 s
4.7 L/100 km;
50 US MPG;
60 MPG (imperial)
109 g/km
2.0 TDI
diesel
6-speed manual, FWD
85 kW
(115 hp);
2750-4250
300 Nm
(221 lb•ft);
1500-2500
211 km/h
(131 mph)
10.3 s
3.5 L/100 km;
67 US MPG;
81 MPG (imperial)
91 g/km
2.0 TDI
diesel
7-speed automatic, FWD
110 kW
(150 hp);
3000-4200
340 Nm
(295 lb•ft);
1700-2750
227 km/h
(141 mph)
8.7 s
3.7 L/100 km;
64 US MPG;
76 MPG (imperial)
96 g/km
Facelift
A facelift for the Octavia Mk4 range was unveiled on 14 February 2024. Changes include a new grille, updated front and rear bumpers, new headlights (with the option of the new second-generation matrix LED type) and taillights, new exterior colours, new alloy wheel designs, the use of sustainable materials for seat upholstery and Simply Clever features, new colour choices and fabrics for the dashboard, updated graphics for instrument cluster, updated and added features for multimedia and safety, and increased power output for the high performance Octavia RS.[54]
Octavia Combi (Facelift)
Rear view
Awards
In January 2021, the Octavia Estate 1.4 TSI iV SE Technology was named Plug-in Hybrid of the Year by What Car? magazine.[55] What Car? awarded the Octavia Estate five stars out of five in its review of the car.[56]
Safety
Euro NCAP test results Škoda Octavia Combi 1.5 TSI Ambition (LHD) (2019)[57]
^"Platz da: Der neue Octavia. Jetzt wird es eng für die Konkurrenz in der Kompaktklasse: In seiner dritten Auflage rückt der Škoda Octavia stärker denn je Richtung Mittelklasse, wie ein Vergliech mot den direkten Rivalen von Ford Focus, Hyundai i30 und Opel Astra zeigt". Auto Motor und Sport. Heft 02 2013: Seite 19–23. 10 January 2013.
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Far-right political movement Cover of Genio de la Argentina (1943) by Juan Emiliano Carulla, depicting the Cabildo of Buenos Aires. Maurrassisme in Argentina is a far-right political movement aimed at establishing an integral nationalist authoritarian state in Argentina following the ideology of French thinker Charles Maurras. Maurrassisme was, along with panhispanism, the most important ideological precedent of the development of nacionalismo.[1] Acknowledging the lack of monarchist ...
Election for U.S. senator from Massachusetts 2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts ← 2010 (special) November 6, 2012 (2012-11-06) 2018 → Nominee Elizabeth Warren Scott Brown Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,696,346 1,458,048 Percentage 53.74% 46.19% County results Municipality results Congressional district results Precinct resultsWarren: 40–50% 50–60% ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Making Love in the Rain – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1987 single by Herb Alpert with vocals by Lisa Keith and Janet JacksonMaking Love in the RainSingle by Herb Alpert with vocals by Lisa...
西維珍尼亞 美國联邦州State of West Virginia 州旗州徽綽號：豪华之州地图中高亮部分为西維珍尼亞坐标：37°10'N－40°40'N, 77°40'W－82°40'W国家 美國加入聯邦1863年6月20日（第35个加入联邦）首府（最大城市）查爾斯頓政府 • 州长（英语：List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]） • 副州长（英语：List of lieutenant governors of {{{Name}}}]]）吉姆·賈斯蒂斯（R）米奇·卡邁克爾（...
The generic geminal diol. The 'R's represent any groups other than OH. A geminal diol (or gem-diol for short) is any organic compound having two hydroxyl functional groups (-OH) bound to the same carbon atom. Geminal diols are a subclass of the diols, which in turn are a special class of alcohols. Most of the geminal diols are considered unstable. The simplest geminal diol is methanediol CH4O2 or H2C(OH)2. Other examples are: dihydroxymalonic acid (HOOC)2C(OH)2 decahydroxycyclopentane (C(OH)2...
Навчально-науковий інститут інноваційних освітніх технологій Західноукраїнського національного університету Герб навчально-наукового інституту інноваційних освітніх технологій ЗУНУ Скорочена назва ННІІОТ ЗУНУ Основні дані Засновано 2013 Заклад Західноукраїнський �...
Battle of the Greek War of Independence This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Siege of the Acropolis 1821–1822 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) First Siege of the AcropolisPart of the Greek War of IndependenceThe first bat...
American entomologist (1809–1879) For the member of the 12th Congress, see Asa Fitch (politician). Asa FitchBorn(1809-02-24)February 24, 1809Salem, New YorkDiedApril 8, 1879(1879-04-08) (aged 70)Salem, New YorkAlma materRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteScientific careerFieldsEntomologyInstitutionsNew York State Agricultural Society Signature Asa Fitch (February 24, 1809 – April 8, 1879) was a natural historian and entomologist from Salem, New York. Biography Asa Fitch was born at...
« Reagan » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Reagan (homonymie) et Ronald Reagan (homonymie). Cet article possède un paronyme, voir Donald Regan. Ronald Reagan Photographie officielle du président Reagan. Fonctions 40e président des États-Unis 20 janvier 1981 – 20 janvier 1989(8 ans) Élection 4 novembre 1980 Réélection 6 novembre 1984 Vice-président George H. W. Bush Gouvernement Administration Reagan Prédécesseur Jimmy Carter Successeur George H...
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Ikke Nurjanah – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Ini adalah nama Batak Mandailing, marganya adalah Tanjung. Ikke NurjanahLahirHartini Erpi Nurjanah18 Mei 1974 (umur 50)Jakarta, Indo...
La Valle AgordinaKomuneComune di La Valle AgordinaNegaraItaliaWilayahVenetoProvinsiProvinsi Belluno (BL)FrazioniCugnago, Fadés, Lantrago, Matten, Conaggia, Chiesa, Torsas, Gaidòn, Ronche, Ronchet, Cancellade, Noàch, Le Campe, La MudaLuas • Total48,7 km2 (188 sq mi)Populasi (Desember 2004) • Total1.217 • Kepadatan2,5/km2 (6,5/sq mi)DemonimLavallesiZona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos32020Kode a...
British crime novelist, critic and solicitor (born 1955) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2020) Martin EdwardsBorn (1955-07-07) 7 July 1955 (age 69)Knutsford, Cheshire, EnglandOccupationSolicitorAlma materBalliol College, Oxford UniversityGenreCrime novelsSpouseHelena ShanksWebsitewww.martinedwardsbooks.com Kenneth Ma...
Group of traditional dance forms originating in Ireland Irish danceMost modern Irish dancers wear elaborate competition dresses, large wigs, and makeup for performance and competition purposes.MediumDanceTypes Ceili dance Irish stepdance Festival Irish dance Sean-nós dance Irish set dance Competition dance Ancestor arts English country dance Possibly French quadrille Originating cultureIrishOriginating era18th century Irish dance refers to the traditional dance forms that originate in Irelan...
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