Árpád

This article is about the Hungarian prince. For other uses, see Arpad (disambiguation).

Árpád
Statue of Árpád at Ráckeve (Hungary)
Grand Prince of the Hungarians
Reignc. 895 – c. 907
PredecessorÁlmos
SuccessorZoltán (uncertain)
Bornc. 845
Diedc. 907 (aged 62)
Burial
Fehéregyháza (Hungary) (uncertain)
IssueLiüntika
Tarkatzus
Jelek
Jutotzas
Zoltán
DynastyÁrpád dynasty
FatherÁlmos
ReligionHungarian paganism
Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square
Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square (Budapest)

Árpád (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈaːrpaːd]; c. 845 – c. 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the Hungarians, or their military leader or gyula, although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the "founder of our country", and Árpád's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Árpád ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301.

Biography

Early life

Further information: Álmos

Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles.[1][2] His mother's name and family are unknown.[3] According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845.[4] His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, árpa.[4]

The Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians "had never at any time had any other prince" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father.[5][6] In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them.[6][7] The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians.[8] However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him.[7] The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal.[9] They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was "greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule".[5][7] Thereafter, Árpád was made "prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield."[5][9] Constantine Porphyrogenitus erroneously refers to the Magyars as Turks.[10][11][12] This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, and their historical social structure was of Turkic origin,[13] they are not a Turkic people.[14]

The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable.[7][15] The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as kende. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or gyula.[15]

Towards the Hungarian Conquest

Further information: Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, Kurszán, and Liüntika

The earliest reliable source of Árpád's life is an early 10th-century document, the Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk.[4][16][17] It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 "to give presents" and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire.[17] Sclerus met with their two leaders, Árpád and Kurszán, at the Lower Danube.[17][18] Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria.[18][19] An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Árpád's son, Liüntika.[18]

The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the gyula, and Kurszán was the kende.[18] In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the gyula and Árpád represented his father, Álmos kende.[17] [20]

Árpád's bust in Bereni (Székelybere, Romania)
Árpád's statue in Székelybere (Bereni, Romania)

At that time, the Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were raiding through the Thracian countryside. Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. While our forces were engaged against the Saracens, divine Providence led the [Hungarians], in place of the Romans, to campaign against the Bulgarians. Our Majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube. [Providence] sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians.

— Leo the Wise: Tactics[21]

The Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them.[18][22] The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896.[23] The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.[24]

The Illuminated Chronicle says that Árpád's father Álmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw" or Transylvania.[1][25][26] Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Álmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people.[1][24][27] In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Álmos's murder "reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage" killed the aged prince.[25] Spinei rejects the Illuminated Chronicle's report on Álmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the Gesta Hungarorum is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians.[28] The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád "as leader and master" of the Hungarians on this occasion.[29][30]

Reign

"The city of King Attila" (Aquincum, Budapest)
Ruins of Aquincum – "city of King Attila" in the Gesta Hungarorum[31]

Árpád's name "is completely unknown" to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[10] These sources, including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses, only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszán.[10] According to Kristó and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces, while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende.[10][32] Proposing a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the kende and Árpád gyula only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.[10][33]

In contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events—for instance, the Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle—emphasize Árpád's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin.[1][34] The Gesta Hungarorum also highlights Árpád's military skills and his generosity.[35] This chronicle also emphasizes that Tétény, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired "the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity" only after Árpád had authorized him to conquer it.[36][37]

Having crossed the Danube, they encamped beside the Danube as far as Budafelhévíz. Hearing this, all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia, saved their lives by flight. Next day, Prince Árpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the city of King Attila and they saw all the royal palaces, some ruined to the foundations, others not, and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of King Attila, of whose line Prince Árpád descended. They feasted every day with great joy in the palace of King Attila, sitting alongside one another, and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them ... Prince Árpád gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them, and, when they heard this, many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him.

— Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum[38]

The Gesta Hungarorum says that Árpád took "an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary," and "had his son, Prince Zoltán elevated" to prince in his life.[39][40] However, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious.[11] For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950.[41]

Death

Árpád's statue in Nagymegyer (Veľký Meder, Slovakia)
Árpád's statue in Nagymegyer (Veľký Meder, Slovakia)

The date of Árpád's death is debated.[42] The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907.[1][42] However, Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian "land-taking" instead of its actual date around 895.[42] If the Gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, Árpád was buried "at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila" where a village, Fehéregyháza, developed near Buda a century later.[39][42]

Legacy

The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád.[40] Árpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum, which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him.[43] Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Árpád.[24] Árpád is known among Hungarians as honalapító or the "founder of our homeland".[40]

Family

Detail on the "Arrival of the Hungarians" (cyclorama)
Árpád's wife – a detail on the Arrival of the Hungarians by Árpád Feszty et al. (Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park, Hungary)

Porphyrogenitus says Árpád "had four sons: first, Tarkatzous; second, Ielech; third, Ioutotzas; fourth, Zaltas".[11][40][44] However, he also refers to one "Liuntikas, son of" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos).[40][45] The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown.[46] The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:[46]

ÜgyekEunedubelian
Előd or ÜgyekEmese
Álmos
Árpád
Liüntika*Tarkatzus*JelekJutotzas(unknown)Zoltán
Teveli(unknown)EzelekhFalitziTas**Taksony
TermachuZerind the BaldKings of Hungary***
Koppány

*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.
**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.
***All later grand princes and kings of Hungary descended from Taksony.

Depictions of Árpád

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 19.
  2. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 11–12, 17, Appendix 1.
  3. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 17, Appendix 1.
  4. ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 17.
  5. ^ a b c Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38), p. 173.
  6. ^ a b Kristó 1996, pp. 160–161.
  7. ^ a b c d Spinei 2003, p. 33.
  8. ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 33, 40.
  9. ^ a b Kristó 1996, p. 160.
  10. ^ a b c d e Kristó 1996, p. 201.
  11. ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 20.
  12. ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  13. ^ Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) (Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416. ISBN 0880334797.
  14. ^ A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [1]
  15. ^ a b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 330.
  16. ^ Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 54–55.
  17. ^ a b c d Kristó 1996, p. 183.
  18. ^ a b c d e Spinei 2003, p. 52.
  19. ^ Kristó 1996, pp. 183–184.
  20. ^ Kristó 1996, p. 186.
  21. ^ The Taktika of Leo VI (18.40), p. 453.
  22. ^ Curta 2006, p. 178.
  23. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 11–12.
  24. ^ a b c Molnár 2001, p. 13.
  25. ^ a b Róna-Tas 1999, p. 344.
  26. ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 28), p. 98.
  27. ^ Kristó 1996, pp. 191–192.
  28. ^ Spinei 2009, p. 72.
  29. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 15.
  30. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 13), p. 37.
  31. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians, note 1 on p. 8.
  32. ^ Molnár 2001, p. 201.
  33. ^ Curta 2006, p. 189.
  34. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 18.
  35. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 19.
  36. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 24), p. 59.
  37. ^ Madgearu 2005, pp. 91–92.
  38. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 46), pp. 100–101.
  39. ^ a b Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 52), p. 115.
  40. ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 21.
  41. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 19–20.
  42. ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 20.
  43. ^ Madgearu 2005, p. 25.
  44. ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 179.
  45. ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 177.
  46. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 1.

References

Primary sources

  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
  • The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
  • The Taktika of Leo VI (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-359-3.

Secondary sources

  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.
  • Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 973-7784-01-4.
  • Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
  • Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
  • Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.
  • Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Árpád.
Árpád
Born: c. 845 Died: c. 907
Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Prince of the Hungarians
c. 895 – c. 907 		Succeeded by

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Communication process intended to increase empathy Marshall Rosenberg (2005) Nonviolent Communication (NVC) is an approach to enhanced communication, understanding, and connection based on the principles of nonviolence and humanistic psychology. It is not an attempt to end disagreements, but rather a way that aims to increase empathy and understanding to improve the overall quality of life. It seeks empathic dialogue and understanding among all parties. Nonviolent Communication evolved from c...

The Foolish Thing to Do

1986 single by Heaven 17The Foolish Thing to DoSingle by Heaven 17B-sideMy Sensitivity (Gets in the Way)Released21 April 1986GenreJazz, soulLength3:38LabelVirginSongwriter(s) Glenn Gregory Ian Craig Marsh Martyn Ware, Nick Plytas Producer(s)British Electric FoundationHeaven 17 singles chronology ...(And That's No Lie) (1985) The Foolish Thing to Do (1986) Contenders (1986) The Foolish Thing to Do is a song by the British synthpop band Heaven 17, featuring American singer Jimmy Ruffin. It was...

 

Jim McClure–Jerry Peak Wilderness

Wilderness area in Idaho, United States Jim McClure–Jerry Peak WildernessIUCN category Ib (wilderness area)Sheep Mountain in the Jim McClure–Jerry Peak WildernessLocationCuster County, Idaho, United StatesNearest cityChallis, IDCoordinates44°01′05″N 114°19′01″W / 44.018°N 114.317°W / 44.018; -114.317Area116,898 acres (47,307 ha)EstablishedAugust 7, 2015Governing bodyU.S. Forest Service Bureau of Land Management The Jim McClure–Jerry Pea...