جائزة نوبل هي جائزة سنوية دولية منحت للمرة الأولى عام 1901. تمنح لمكافئة الأعمال في مجالات الفيزياءوالكيمياءوالطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاءوالأدبوالسلام. كما تُمنح أيضاً في مجال الاقتصاد ابتداءاً من عام 1969. منحت الجائزة منذ تأسيسها إلى ما يزيد على ثمان مائة شخص، على الأقل 20% منهم يهود، رغم أن عدد اليهود لا يزيد على 0.2% من سكان العالم.
تشمل القائمة أسماء للحائزين على جائزة نوبل، من اليهود إثنياً أو دينياً، بعض الأسماء المذكورة من أصل يهودي، وعدد آخر من الأسماء المذكورة تُعرّف أنفسهم كلادينيين أو ملحدين، بعض الأسماء المذكورة نشأت كمسيحيين أو اعتنقت المسيحية فيما بعد.[ا]
أبرز الفائزين بجائزة نوبل
حصل ألبرت أينشتاين على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء في عام 1921 تكريمًا لخدماته في الفيزياء النظرية، وخاصة اكتشافه لقانون التأثير الكهروضوئي، لكنه اكتسب الشهرة الأكبر من خلال نظريته عن النسبية.
نجا إيلي فيزل وإمري كيرتس الحائزان على جائزة نوبل من معسكرات الإبادة خلال الهولوكوست، بينما نجا عالم الفلك والفيزياء فرنسوا إنغليرت من خلال تخفيه في دور الأيتام ودور الأطفال. واضطر آخرون مثل والتر كون وماكس بورن وأوتو ستيرن وألبرت أينشتاين وهانز بيته وهانس كريبس ومارتن كاربلوس إلى الفرار من ألمانيا النازية لتجنب الاضطهاد الذي مارسه نظام هتلر بحق اليهود. وعانى علماء وأكاديميون آخرون من معاداة السامية والمشاعر والسوكيات الكارهة والعنصرية تجاه اليهود بشكل كبير في حياتهم المهنية، مثل: ريتا ليفي مونتالشيني وهيربرت هاوبتوبان وسلفادور لوريا وروبرت فيرشغوت وآرثر كورنبرغ وجيروم كارلي.
يعتبر آرثر آشكين أكبر العلماء الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل سنًا، يسكن في بلدة بروكلين في ولاية نيويورك ويبلغ من العمر 96 عامًا، وهو أيضًا أكبر فائز بالجائزة لايزال على قيد الحياة.
العلماء الذين أُجبروا على رفض الجائزة
قبِلَ العالم اليهودي الروسي بوريس باسترناك (الحاصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لعام 1958) الجائزة في البداية، لكنه رفضها لاحقًا بعد ضغط شديد من السلطات السوفيتية.
جادة الحائزين على جائزة نوبل
لدى مدينة ريشون لتسيون الإسرائيلية ساحة مخصصة لتكريم جميع اليهود الحائزين على جائزة نوبل. يوجد في الشارع الذي يدعى (جادة ومتنزه الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل) (Tayelet Hatanei Pras Nobel) نصب تذكاري مع لوحات مزخرفة لكل عالم حائز على جائزة نوبل. كان المستشار العلمي للمشروع هو البروفيسور إسرائيل هانوكوغلو.
إحصاءات
حتى عام 2018: فاز العلماء ذوو الأصل اليهودي بنسبة 37٪ من جوائز نوبل في الاقتصاد، و 25٪ في الطب، و 26.2٪ في الفيزياء، و 19.3٪ في الكيمياء، و 13.3٪ في الأدب و 8.5٪ من جوائز السلام الفردية.
وحتى عام 2018: كانت النسبة المئوية لعدد السنوات التي تم فيها منح الجائزة لشخص من أصل يهودي: 50٪ في الاقتصاد، و 39.3٪ في الفيزياء، و 38.5٪ في الطب، و 25.5٪ في الكيمياء، و 12.7٪ في الأدب، و 7.1٪ من جوائز السلام الفردية.
"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[26]
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the جهاز مناعي and the discovery of the principle for production of ضد وحيد النسيلة"[106]
"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities من أجل تطور جديد نحو الإخاء في الشرق الأوسط."[166]
^Levi، Hilde (1985)، George de Hevesy : life and work : a biography، Bristol: A. Hilger، ص. 14، ISBN:9780852745557
^Stoltzenberg، Dietrich (2004). Fritz Haber : Chemist, Nobel laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN:0-941901-24-6. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط |تاريخ الوصول بحاجة لـ |مسار= (مساعدة)
^Anna L. Staudacher: "… meldet den Austritt aus dem mosaischen Glauben". 18000 Austritte aus dem Judentum in Wien, 1868–1914: Namen – Quellen – Daten. Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 2009, ISBN 978-3-631-55832-4, p. 349
^Stefan L. Wolff: Juden wider Willen – Wie es den Nachkommen des Physikers Heinrich Hertz im NS-Wissenschaftsbetrieb erging. Jüdische Allgemeine. 2008-01-04. ([1]). "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-08-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-10-20.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
^Dagmar C. G. Lorenz (2007). Keepers of the Motherland: German texts by Jewish women writers. University of Nebraska Press. ص. 251–252. ISBN:9780803229174. Jewish women's writing likewise employs satirical and grotesque elements when depiciting non-Jews... Some do so pointedly, such as Ilse Aichinger, Elfriede Gerstl, and Elifriede Jelinek... Jelinek resumed the techniques of the Jewish interwar satirists... Jelinek stresses her affinity to Karl Krauss and the Jewish Cabaret of the interwar era... She claims her own Jewish identity as the daughter of a Holocaust victim, her father, thereby suggesting that there is a continuity of Vienna's Jewish tradition (Berka 1993, 137f.; Gilman 1995, 3).
^هيربرت براون, "Herbert C. Brown", in Tore Frängsmyr, Sture Forsén (1993). Chemistry, 1971-1980. World Scientific. p. 337. "My parents... came to London in 1908 as part of the vast Jewish immigration in the early part of this century."
^"Jerome Karle", Profiles, Humanities and the Arts, City College of New York website. Retrieved September 10, 2011. "Jerome Karle is an American Jewish physical chemist who shared the 1985 جائزة نوبل في الكيمياءwith a fellow CCNY classmate, هيربرت هاوبتمان" نسخة محفوظة 05 أكتوبر 2013 على موقع واي باك مشين. [وصلة مكسورة]
^"Nobel Prize Laureates Boulevard", Structures, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Spring 2011, p. 4. "Dr. Hauptman interestingly is one of 160 Jewish Nobel Laureates... In honor of this distinction, there is a boulevard dedicated to Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates in a town called Kiryat Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Prize Laureates' Town) outside of Tel Aviv, إسرائيل. On this boulevard, a monument and plaque have been dedicated in Dr. Hauptman's honor." نسخة محفوظة 24 سبتمبر 2015 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^"Walter Kohn Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-05-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-10-19. They are dominated by my vivid recollections of 1 1/2 years as a Jewish boy under the Austrian Nazi regime... On another level, I want to mention that I have a strong Jewish identity and – over the years – have been involved in several Jewish projects, such as the establishment of a strong program of Judaic Studies at the University of California in San Diego.
^István Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI. Imperial College Press. "Both Irwin Rose's parents came from secular Jewish families, on his maternal side, the Greenwalds originated from المجر and on his paternal side, the Roses originated from the Odessa region of روسيا."
^ ابFred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum (eds.) 2007. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 13. Macmillan Reference USA / Keter Publising House. p. 733. "Jewish scientists have participated in this problem from the early days of Joseph Erlanger's research on nerve conduction to Richard Axel's dissection of the pathways relevant to olfactory function."
^Peter Badge, Nikolaus Turner (2007). Nobel Faces: A Gallery of Nobel Prize Winners Wiley-VCH. p. 126. ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4. "Axel was born to Polish Jewish refugees in New York in 1946"
^ اب* Janice Arnold (2011-10-12). "Nobel laureate is pride of Sherbrooke Jews". Canadian Jewish News. "Shechtman was one of five Jews, including a former Montrealer, the late Ralph Steinman, to receive the prestigious prize for their scientific endeavours... Steinman and Bruce Beutler... won for their groundbreaking work in discoveries on the immune system. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics."
Looks, Elka (2011-10-05). "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". هاآرتس. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... Ralph Steinman and Bruce Beutler were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their discoveries on the immune system... Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-09-23. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-13.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
^Pauli had three Jewish grandparents. When discussing his plans to leave سويسرا in 1940, he wrote "Actually I suppose I am under German law 75 per cent Jewish." "Wolfgang Pauli – Failed naturalisation and departure to the USA". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-09-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-03-08.
Alan Symons (2000). Nobel laureates, 1901–2000. Polo Publishing. ص. 202. ISBN:0952375133. Tamm was born in Vladivostok, روسيا on July 8, 1895 into an old established Jewish family.
Bernard S. Schlessinger؛ June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Oryx Press. ص. 201. ISBN:9780897748995. Parents: Father, Evgen Tamm; Mother, Olga Davidova Tamm. Nationality: Russian. Religion: Jewish.
^جايمس جليك. Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Random House. 1995. p. 85. "Feynman, as a New York Jew distinctly uninterested in either the faith or sociology of Judaism..."
^Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901–1995. "Cooper, Leon Neil". Oryx Press. p. 605. "Religion: Jewish".
^Kurtz, Seymour (1985). Jewish America. مكغرو هيل. p. 244.
^إروين إبرامز (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
^إروين إبرامز (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
^إروين إبرامز (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
^إروين إبرامز (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
^إروين إبرامز (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-88135-388-4
^ ابStephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 719.
^Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 720.
^ ابStephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 718.
^Vane, Howard R (2007). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to their Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84720-092-1
^ ابجدهوزحطيStephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack (2008). "American Jews in Economics". Encyclopedia of American Jewish History, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-85109-638-1. p. 721.
^Vane, Howard R (2007). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to their Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 222. ISBN 978-1-84720-092-1
^"Brief Bio – Robert J Aumann". Robert Aumann. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-04-17. Robert Aumann was born in Frankfurt am Main, ألمانيا, in 1930, to a well-to-do orthodox Jewish family.
^"Leonid Hurwicz (1917–2008)". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-10-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-03-31.
^ ابجPervos, Stefanie (11/5/2007). "Nobel Prize winners have Jewish, Chicago connections". JUF News. "Three Jewish scholars, two with Chicago connections, were awarded the 2007 جائزة نوبل في العلوم الاقتصادية in October. Leonid Hurwicz, a professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota and former researcher at the University of Chicago; Roger B. Myerson, a University of Chicago professor; and Eric S. Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, N.J., were honored for their joint work on mechanism design theory." نسخة محفوظة 26 سبتمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^Silverstein, Marilyn. "Nobel winner who's at home with Einstein"[وصلة مكسورة], New Jersey Jewish News, November 8, 2007. "A native of New York, Maskin grew up in New Jersey, in a nonreligious Jewish home in the town of Alpine... But is he culturally Jewish? "Sure," he said. "It's a very rich culture, and I'm attracted to that side of it. I listen to klezmer — I'm actually a clarinetist myself. And there are certain Jewish foods I'm especially fond of — latkes, chopped liver, chicken soup with matza balls. I like to cook, and a lot of the things I cook have been handed down — a stuffed cabbage recipe I'm fond of, a meat pie recipe. I saw my grandmother do them." "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-12-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-09-05.
^Paul Krugman (28 أكتوبر 2003). "A Willful Ignorance". New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-04-17. Sure enough, I was accused in various places not just of 'tolerance for anti-Semitism' (yes, I'm Jewish) [...]
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