عبادة الأباطرة الرومان

تاريخ شباب روما إيلوس

ترى العبادة الإمبراطورية في روما القديمة أن الأباطرة، وينضم إليهم بعض الأعضاء من أسرهم، يمثلون السلطة المفروض عليها عقوبات إلهية من دولة الروم. تشكل إطار العبادة الإمبراطورية في أوائل فترة برينسيبيت (Principate) في عهد الإمبراطور أغسطس (Augustus)، وسرعان ما ترسخت في جميع أرجاء الإمبراطورية والولايات التابعة لها، مع وجود اختلافات محلية في تلقيها والتعبير عنها.

حولت إصلاحات أغسطس نظام الحكومة الجمهوري في روما إلى ملكية حقيقية تصاغ في الممارسات الرومانية التقليدية والقيم الجمهورية. كان من المتوقع أن يحقق براينسيبس (princeps) (المعروف بعد ذلك بالإمبراطور) التوازن بين مصالح الجيش الروماني ومجلس الشيوخ والشعب والحفاظ على السلام والأمان والرخاء في جميع أنحاء الإمبراطوريات المتنوعة عرقيًا. أقر العرض الرسمي لـالعبادات للإمبراطور الحي بمنصبه وسيادته حسبما هو معترف به عند الإله والدستور: ينبغي على البرانسيبيت التابع له أن يبرهن على الاحترام النقي للآلهة الرومانية التقليدية وموريس.

يستحق الإمبراطور المتوفي الفخر ويتم التصويت للاهوت الدولة ( ديفيس (divus)، الجمع divi) من قبل مجلس الشيوخ ويرتقى إلى مكانة مشابهة لـالتمجيد. ساعد منح التمجيد الحكم الديني والسياسي والأخلاقي على الحكام الأباطرة وسمح للأباطرة الذين لا زالوا على قيد الحياة بربط أنفسهم مع سلالة ديفي الإمبراطورية التي تعد جيدة والتي استبعد منها الأسلاف غير المشهورين أو غير الجدرين. اتضح مدى فائدة تلك الأداة لـفيسبازيان (Vespasian) عند تأسيسه لـأسرة فلافيون الإمبراطورية (Flavian imperial dynasty) عقب وفاة نيرو (Nero) والحرب الأهلية ولـسيبتيميوس (Septimius) في توحيده لأسرة سيفيران (Severan) بعد اغتيال كومودوس (Commodus). في تطوير الحكم الإمبراطوري من برينسيبات إلى دوماينت، كان دور مجلس الشيوخ مهمشًا على نحو متزايد وأصبح ولاء الجيش مفتاح السلطة الإمبراطورية.

كانت العبادة الإمبراطورية غير قابلة للفصل عن الآلهة الرسمية لروما، وكانت تلك العبادة مهمة لبقاء روما والتي أصبح إهمالها خيانة. كانت العبادة التقليدية أداة تركيز على تشريعات الصحوة الإمبراطورية في عهد ديكيوس (Decius) وديوكلتيانوس (Diocletian). رأى المدافعون عن المسيحية والمؤرخون للشهداء (martyrologists) عبادة الإمبراطورية على أنها أداة هجومية خاصة لمعصية واضطهاد «الوثنية».[1] ومن ثم أصبحت أداة ارتكاز للجدل اللاهوتي والسياسي أثناء فترة الصعود المسيحية في عهد قسطنطين الأول (Constantine I) أخفق جوليان (Julian) في وقف تدني الدعم للممارسات الدينية الرسمية لروما: أما ثيودوسيوس الأول (Theodosius I)، فقد اعتنق المسيحية كديانة لدولة روما. وهُجرت الآلهة التقليدية لروما و«العبادة الإمبراطورية» بطريقة رسمية. على الرغم من ذلك، استمرت العديد من الطقوس والممارسات التي كانت تميز عبادة الأباطرة في لاهوت الإمبراطورية المسيحية وسياساتها.

تُعتبر العبادة الإمبراطورية في بعض الأحيان خروجًا عن القيم الجمهورية التقليدية لروما وعبادة شخصية غير مخلصة دينيًا التي ساعدت في الدعاية الإمبراطورية.[2][3]

انظر أيضًا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ See Bowersock et al for "pagan" as a mark of socio-religious inferiority in Latin Christian polemic: Books.Google.com نسخة محفوظة 12 مارس 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  2. ^ Price, 13–17, includes historians of opposing political views among those who interpret the Imperial cult as the domination of "a servile world" through politically driven "charade". Eduard Meyer, "Alexander der Grosse und die Absolute Monarchie", (1905) in Kleine Schriften, 1, 1924, 265, and Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939. 256, reach essentially the same conclusions about the nature and purpose of the Imperial cult, despite their opposing political alignments. Price, 13, note 31, refers to Demandt's analysis of Meyer's position, in A. Demandt, "Politische Aspekte im Alexander-bild der Neuzeit," Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte 54, 1972, 325ff at p.355.
  3. ^ See also Harland, P. A., "Honours and Worship: Emperors, Imperial Cults and Associations at Ephesus (First to Third Centuries C.E.)", Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses 25 (1996) 319–334.

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