^Dolan, Terence (2002) [1999]. "Chapter 8: Writing in Ireland". In Wallace, David (ed.). The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature (بالإنجليزية). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ISBN:9780521890465.
^Karn, Nicholas (2007). "Nigel, bishop of Ely, and the restoration of the exchequer after the 'anarchy' of King Stephen's reign*". Historical Research (بالإنجليزية). 80 (209): 299–314. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00392.x. ISSN:1468-2281. The author of the Liber Eliensis indicates that Richard was appointed in 1159, during the preparations for the Toulouse campaign
^Miyawaki–okada, Junko (1 Jan 2006). "The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends". Inner Asia (بالإنجليزية). 8 (1): 123–34. DOI:10.1163/146481706793646819. ISSN:2210-5018. Minamoto no Yoshitsune, or Gen Gikei as his name is in Sino-Japanese pronunciation, was born in 1159 as a half brother of Minamoto no Yoritomo
^Salamon, Maciej; Hardt, Matthias; Kruk, Mirosław Piotr; Sulikowska, Aleksandra (2012). "The Archetypal Crusader. Henry of Sandomierz, the Second Youngest Son of Bolesław III by Darius Von Güttner-Sporzyński". Rome, Constantinople and Newly-converted Europe: Archaeological and Historical Evidence (بالإنجليزية). Kraków, Leipzig, Rzeszów, Warszawa: Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas. p. 215. ISBN:9788389499851. Within the decade of his birth Henry's father died, and Henry's elder half-brother Władysław ii Wygnaniec (the exile [1105-1159]) ascended the Polish throne.
^Lingard, John (1874). "Chapter VIII: William I, Surnamed The Conqueror". The History of England: From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688 (بالإنجليزية). Dublin: James Duffy & Sons. p. 216.
^McDougall, Sara (2017). Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800-1230 (بالإنجليزية). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN:9780198785828. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01. In 1159 William "Longsword", count of Boulogne, earl of Warenne by right of his wife, the son of King Stephen of England and his wife Matilda of Boulogne, died without issue.
^Hillenbrand, Carol (2003). "The Imprisonment of Reynald at Châtillon". In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). Texts, documents, and artefacts [electronic resource]: Islamic studies in honour of D.S. Richards (بالإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 91. ISBN:9789004128644.