Hunne

Die Westelike Hunse ryk het gestrek van die steppe van Sentraal-Asië tot in hedendaagse Duitsland, en van die Swartsee tot die Baltiese See.
'n 14de eeuse ridderlik-geromantiseerde skildery van "die Hunne" wat beleg lê op 'n stad. Let op die anakronistiese detail wat die wapens, harnasse en die stad betref. Hongaars Chronicon Pictum, 1360.

Die Hunne was 'n groep landelike nomade wat, na hul verskyning oorkant die Wolga, omstreeks 370 v.C. na Europa getrek het, en 'n enorme ryk in Europa opgebou het. Sedert De Guignes hulle met die Xiongnu verbind het, wat naamlik die noordelike bure van China was driehonderd jaar tevore,[1] is aansienlike geleerde ondersoeke na sodanige verband geloods. Daar bestaan egter steeds geen getuienis vir 'n direkte verband tussen die Xiongnu en die Hunne nie.[2] Die verwantskappe van die taal van die Hunne was eeuelank die onderwerp van debat. Die toonaangewende huidige teorie voer aan dat dit 'n Turkse taal was.[3][4][5][6] Verskeie ander tale was egter binne die Hunse pax in gebruik, insluitend Oos-Germaans.[7] Die Hunne se militêre tegniek het hoofsaaklik bestaan uit berede boogskuttery.

Die Hunne mog die stimulus wees vir die Groot migrasie, 'n bydraende faktor tot die ineenstorting van die Romeinse ryk.[8] Hulle het 'n verenigde ryk gevorm onder Attila die Hun, wat in 453 n.C. gesterf het; hulle ryk het verbrokkel in die daaropvolgende jaar. Hulle afstammelinge, of opvolgers met verwante name, is opgeteken in aanliggende bevolkings na die suide, ooste en weste, as besetters van dele van Oos-Europa en Sentraal-Asië, ongeveer van die 4de eeu tot die 6de eeu n.C. Wisselvorme van die Hunse naam is in die Kaukasus aangeteken tot die 8ste eeu.

Gelaatstrekke en gebruike

Alle oorblywende verslae is opgestel deur vyande van die Hunne, en geeneen beskryf die Hunne as aantreklik in terme van moraliteit of gelaatstreke nie.

Jordanes, 'n Goot, wat berig uit Italië in 551 n.C., 'n eeu na die val van die Hunse ryk, beskryf die Hunne as 'n "ras van woestaards, wat eerstens in die moerasse tuis was, - 'n verdwergde, vuil en bekrompe stam, kwalik menslik, en sonder enige taal behalwe een wat kwalik 'n ooreenkoms met menslike spraak getoon het.

Hulle laat hul vyande vlug in afgryse weens hul donker aangesig, wat vreesaanjaend was, en hul het, as ek dit so kan aandui, 'n soort vormlose massa, nie 'n kop nie, met speldeprikholtes vir oë. Hulle gehardheid blyk uit hulle wilde voorkoms, en hulle is wesens wat wreed is teenoor hulle kinders op dieselde dag wat hulle gebore word. Want hulle sny die wange van die seuns met 'n swaard, sodat, voor hulle met melk gevoed word, hulle geleer kan word om wonde te verdra. Gevolglik word hulle baardloos groot, en hulle jong manne is sonder aantreklikheid, want 'n gesig geskaad deur die swaard, bederf weens die letsels die natuurlike aantreklikheid van 'n baard. Hulle is kortgebou, rats in beweging, waaksaam wanneer berede, breedgeskouerd, paraat met die boogskutterkuns, en het stewige nekke wat hulle altyd fier en trots orent hou. Alhoewel hulle na liggaamsvorm mense is, besit hulle die wreedheid van wilde diere.[9]

Jordanes het ook Priscus se beskrywing van Attila die Hun aangehaal, wat naamlik die keiser van die Hunne was van 434 tot 453 n.C.: "Kort van statuur, met 'n breë bors en groot kop; sy oë was klein, sy baard dun en gepeper met grys; en sy neus was plat, en sy vel was gekleurd, aanduidend van sy afkoms."[10]

Verwysings

  1. De Guignes, Joseph (1756). Histoire générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongols et des autres Tartares.
  2. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. David Sinor. Bladsy 178 daar bestaan geen getuienis om aan te toon dat die dominante element in die Hunse staat histories met dié van die Hsiung-nu verbind was nie
  3. Pritsak, Omeljan. 1982 "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan." Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 6, pp. 428–476.[1] Geargiveer 5 Februarie 2009 op Wayback Machine
  4. Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns, Hoofst. XI.
  5. Frucht, Richard C., Eastern Europe, (ABC-CLIO, 2005), 744.
  6. "Transylvania through the age of migrations". Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Oktober 2009. Besoek op 28 Januarie 2010.
  7. Sinor. Bladsy 202
  8. "Nietemin, die kiem en oorsprong van al die verderf en verskillende rampe wat die gramskap van Mars gewek het... het ons bevind te wees (die invalle van die Hunne)" [Ammianus Marcellinus], boek XXXI, hoofstuk 2. Loeb uitgawe, Transl. John Rolfe, eerste pub. 1922
  9. Jordanes. http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html Geargiveer 24 April 2006 op Wayback Machine The origins and deeds of the Goths XXIV (127-8), vertaal deur Charles C. Mierow
  10. The Goths by Jordanes. Vertaal deur Charles Gaius Mierow. Hoofstuk 35: Attila the Hun. http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_35 Geargiveer 31 Julie 2019 op Wayback Machine

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