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Die Duitse kernwapenprogram (Duits: Uranprojekt; informeel bekend as die Uranverein; Afrikaans: Uraanklub) was 'n onsuksesvolle wetenskaplike navoringsprojek deur Nazi-Duitsland geloods om kernwapens tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog na te vors en te ontwikkel. Dit het verskillende fases van werk behels, maar is uiteindelik “gevries op laboratoriumvlak” met die "beskeie doel" om 'n kernreaktor te bou wat 'n kernsplytings kettingreaksie kon handhaaf vir 'n beduidende tyd en om minstens klein hoeveelheid uraanisotope heeltemal te skei. Die wetenskaplike konsensus is dat dit nie daarin kon slaag om hierdie doelwitte te bereik nie.^[1]

Die eerste poging het in April 1939 begin, enkele maande ná die ontdekking van kernsplyting in Desember 1938, maar het eers maande later geëindig kort voor die Duitse inval in Pole, toe baie noemenswaardige fisici na die Wehrmacht opgeroep is.

'n Tweede poging is begin onder administratiewe toesig van die Heereswaffenamt (Leërwapendepartement) van die Wehrmacht op 1 September 1939, die dag van die inval in Pole. Die program het uiteindelik uitgebrei tot drie hoofpogings: die Uranmaschine (kernreaktor), uraan- en swaarwaterproduksie en uraan-isotoopskeiding. Uiteindelik is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat kernsplyting nie noemenswaardig sou bydra tot die beëindiging van die oorlog nie, en in Januarie 1942 het die Heereswaffenamt die program oorgedra aan die Reichsforschungsrat (Ryknavorsingsraad) terwyl daar voortgegaan is met die finansiering van die program. Die program is verdeel in nege groot institute waar die direkteure die navorsing oorheers en hul eie doelstellings bepaal het. Vervolgens het die aantal wetenskaplikes wat aan toegepaste kernsplyting werk, begin afneem, en baie het hul talente aangewend vir dringender oorlogseise.

Die invloedrykste mense in die Uranverein was Kurt Diebner, Abraham Esau, Walther Gerlach en Erich Schumann; Schumann was een van die magtigste en invloedrykste fisici in Duitsland. Diebner het deur die loop van die kernwapenprojek meer beheer oor kernsplytingingsnavorsing gehad as Walther Bothe, Klaus Clusius, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck of Werner Heisenberg. Abraham Esau is in Desember 1942 as die Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring se gevolmagtigde vir kernfisika-navorsing aangestel; Walther Gerlach volg hom in Desember 1943 op.

Politisering van die Duitse akademie onder die Nazi-bewind het baie fisici, ingenieurs en wiskundiges reeds in 1933 uit Duitsland verdryf. Diegene van Joodse afkoms wat nie weg is nie, is vinnig uit die Duitse instellings gesuiwer, wat die geledere van die akademie verder laat daal het. Die politisering van die universiteite, tesame met die eise vir mannekrag deur die Duitse weermag (baie wetenskaplikes en tegniese personeel is in diens geneem, ondanks die besit van tegniese en ingenieursvaardighede), het die aantal bekwame Duitse fisici aansienlik verminder.^[2]

Aan die einde van die oorlog het die Geallieerde moondhede meegeding om die oorblywende komponente van die Duitse kernbedryf (personeel, fasiliteite en materiaal) te bekom, soos ook met die baanbreker V-2-vuurpyl-program, 'n voorloper van die vuurpyl wat jare later die Apollo-ruimtetuie in Amerika gelanseer het.

Verwysings

↑ Walker 1995, pp. 198-9.
↑ Judt, Matthias; Burghard Ciesla (1996). Technology transfer out of Germany after 1945. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-7186-5822-0.

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[FOOTNOTEWalker1995198-9-1] Walker 1995, pp. 198-9.

[2] Judt, Matthias; Burghard Ciesla (1996). Technology transfer out of Germany after 1945. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-7186-5822-0.

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