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’n Model van die antioksidant metabolietglutatioon. Die geel sfeer is die redoksaktiewe swaelatoom wat antioksidant-aktiwiteit verskaf, terwyl die rooi, blou, wit en donkergrys sfere onderskeidelik suurstof-, stikstof-, waterstof- en koolstofatome voorstel.

’n Antioksidant is ’n molekule wat die oksidasie van ander molekules stuit. Oksidasie is ’n chemiese reaksie wat vrye radikale kan voortbring en dit kan lei tot kettingreaksies wat selle kan beskadig. Antioksidante soos tiols of askorbiensuur (vitamien C) beëindig hierdie kettingreaksies. Die term "antioksidant" word vir hoofsaaklik twee verskillende groepe stowwe gebruik: nywerheidschemikalieë wat by produkte gevoeg word om oksidasie te keer, en natuurlike chemikalieë wat in voedsel en liggaamsweefsel aangetref word en na bewering gesondheidsvoordele het.

Om die oksidatiewe toestand te balanseer, handhaaf plante en diere komplekse stelsels van oorvleuelende antioksidante, soos glutatioon en ensieme (byvoorbeeld katalase en superoksieddismutase) wat intern vervaardig word of die dieet-antioksidante: vitamien A, vitamien C en vitamien E.

Dieetaanvullings met antioksidante verbeter nie gesondheid en is nie doeltreffend in die voorkoming van siektes nie, soos bewys in proefnemings. Aanvullings van betakaroteen, vitamien A en vitamien E, apart of in verskillende kombinasies toegedien, het geen invloed op sterftesyfers^[1]^[2] of die risiko vir kanker nie.^[3]^[4] Aanvullings met seleen of vitamien E verlaag nie die risiko vir hartbloedvatsiektes nie.^[5]^[6] Oksidatiewe stres kan beskou word as óf die oorsaak óf die gevolg van sekere siektes.

Nywerheidsantioksidante het uiteenlopende gebruike, soos as preserveermiddels in voedsel en grimering en as oksidantinhibeerders in brandstof.^[7]

Gesondheid

Dieet

Hoewel sekere vlakke van antioksidant-vitamiene in die dieet nodig is vir goeie gesondheid, is daar ’n debat oor of antioksidantryke kos of aanvullings mense teen siektes beskerm. Verder is dit onduidelik, indien hulle voordelig is, watter antioksidant(e) uit ’n dieet nodig is en in watter hoeveelhede buite ’n tipiese dieet.^[8]^[9]^[10] Sommige skrywers bevraagteken die hipotese dat antioksidant-vitamiene chroniese siektes kan voorkom,^[8]^[11] terwyl ander glo so ’n moontlikheid is onbewese en uit die staanspoor misleidend.^[12]

Polifenole, wat dikwels antioksidant-eienskappe in vitro het, is nie noodwendig antioksidante in vivo nie vanweë uitgebreide metabolisme.^[13] In baie polifenole tree die katesjolgroep as elektronontvangers op en is dit dus verantwoordelik vir die antioksidant-aktiwiteit.^[14] Hierdie katesjolgroep ondergaan egter uitgebreide metabolisme wanneer dit in die menslike liggaam opgeneem word en is dan nie meer in staat om as elektronontvangers op te tree nie. Baie polifenole het dalk nie-antioksidatiewe rolle in klein konsentrasies wat seine tussen selle, reseptorsensitiwiteit, ontstekingsensiem-aktiwiteit of geenregulasie beïnvloed.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Hoewel dieet-antioksidante al ondersoek is vir ’n moontlike uitwerking op neurodegeneratiewe siektes soos alzheimers en parkinsons,^[19]^[20] het hierdie studies nie uitsluitsel gegee nie.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Kandidate vir medisyne

Tirilazad is ’n atioksidatiewe steroïedderivaat wat die lipiedperoksidasie inhibeer wat vermoedelik ’n sleutelrol speel in neuronale sterftes ná beroertes of kopbeserings. Dit het voordele getoon in die geval van diere met beroerte,^[24] maar by mense het dit geen uitwerking gehad op die sterftesyfer of op ander soorte bloeding nie^[25] en in die geval van iskemiese beroertes het dit die resultate vererger.^[26] Net so het die ontwerpte antioksidant NXY-059 ’n uitwerking by diere getoon, maar nie by mense nie.^[27] Ander antioksidante word nog ondersoek.^[28]

Gewone middels en aanvullings met antioksidant-eienskappe kan inmeng met die doeltreffendheid van sekere middels teen kanker en bestraling.^[29]^[30] In 2016 is medisyne met antioksidante ondersoek as ekstra medikasie vir skisofrenie.^[31] Daar was te min getuienis om te bepaal of dit voordelig is en daar was die moontlikheid van ’n nadelige uitwerking.^[31]

Oefening

Volgens ’n verslag van 2000 het vitamien E-aanvullings geen voordele vir fisieke oefening onder atlete ingehou nie.^[32] Aanvullings met antioksidante kan die hartbloedvatvoordele van oefening verminder.^[33]

In kos

Antioksidant-vitamiene kom voor in groente, vrugte, eiers, peulplante en neute. Vitamiene A, C en E kan vernietig word deur kos te lank te bêre of kook.^[34] Die uitwerking van kookprosesse en voedselpreservering is ingewikkeld, aangesien dit ook die biobeskikbaarheid van antioksidante kan vergroot, soos sekere karotenoïede in groente.^[35] Geprosesseerde kos bevat minder antioksidant-vitamiene as vars en ongekookte kos, want bereiding stel kos bloot aan hitte en suurstof.^[36]

Antioksidant-vitamiene	Kos met hoë vlakke van antioksidant-vitamiene^[37]^[38]^[39]
Vitamien C (askorbiensuur)	Vars of bevrore vrugte en groente
Vitamien E (tokoferole en tokotrinole)	Groente-olies, neute en sade
Karotenoïede (karotene soos provitamien A)	Vrugte, groente en eiers

Ander antioksidante word nie uit die dieet verkry nie, maar in die liggaam vervaardig.

Verwysings

↑ Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2013). "Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm?". PLoS ONE. 8 (9): e74558. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874558B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558. PMC 3765487. PMID 24040282.
↑ Abner EL, Schmitt FA, Mendiondo MS, Marcum JL, Kryscio RJ (Julie 2011). "Vitamin E and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis". Current Aging Science. 4 (2): 158–70. doi:10.2174/1874609811104020158. PMC 4030744. PMID 21235492.
↑ Cortés-Jofré M, Rueda JR, Corsini-Muñoz G, Fonseca-Cortés C, Caraballoso M, Bonfill Cosp X (2012). "Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10: CD002141. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002141.pub2. PMID 23076895.
↑ Jiang L, Yang KH, Tian JH, Guan QL, Yao N, Cao N, Mi DH, Wu J, Ma B, Yang SH (2010). "Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Nutrition and Cancer. 62 (6): 719–27. doi:10.1080/01635581.2010.494335. PMID 20661819.
↑ Rees K, Hartley L, Day C, Flowers N, Clarke A, Stranges S (2013). "Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD009671. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009671.pub2. PMID 23440843.
↑ Shekelle PG, Morton SC, Jungvig LK, Udani J, Spar M, Tu W, J Suttorp M, Coulter I, Newberry SJ, Hardy M (April 2004). "Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 19 (4): 380–9. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30090.x. PMC 1492195. PMID 15061748.
↑ "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry".. (2007). DOI:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J (Mei 2004). "A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'". Public Health Nutrition. 7 (3): 407–22. doi:10.1079/PHN2003543. PMID 15153272.
↑ Shenkin A (Februarie 2006). "The key role of micronutrients". Clinical Nutrition. 25 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.006. PMID 16376462.
↑ Woodside JV, McCall D, McGartland C, Young IS (November 2005). "Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 64 (4): 543–53. doi:10.1079/PNS2005464. PMID 16313697.
↑ Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective Geargiveer 23 September 2015 op Wayback Machine. World Cancer Research Fund (2007). ISBN 978-0-9722522-2-5.
↑ Hail N, Cortes M, Drake EN, Spallholz JE (Julie 2008). "Cancer chemoprevention: a radical perspective". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 45 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.004. PMID 18454943.
↑ "Flavonoids" (in Engels). Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 April 2020. Besoek op 24 Julie 2016.
↑ Csepregi, K; Neugart, S; Schreiner, M; Hideg, Éva (2016). "Comparative Evaluation of Total Antioxidant Capacities of Plant Polyphenols". Molecules. 21 (2): 208. doi:10.3390/molecules21020208. PMID 26867192.
↑ Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (April 2004). "Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 36 (7): 838–49. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001. PMID 15019969.
↑ Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S (Mei 2006). "Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer". Biochemical Pharmacology. 71 (10): 1397–421. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.02.009. PMID 16563357.
↑ Azzi A (Julie 2007). "Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 43 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.013. PMID 17561089.
↑ Virgili F, Marino M (November 2008). "Regulation of cellular signals from nutritional molecules: a specific role for phytochemicals, beyond antioxidant activity". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 45 (9): 1205–16. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.001. PMID 18762244.
↑ Di Matteo V, Esposito E (April 2003). "Biochemical and therapeutic effects of antioxidants in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders. 2 (2): 95–107. doi:10.2174/1568007033482959. PMID 12769802.
↑ Rao AV, Balachandran B (Oktober 2002). "Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases". Nutritional Neuroscience. 5 (5): 291–309. doi:10.1080/1028415021000033767. PMID 12385592.
↑ Crichton GE, Bryan J, Murphy KJ (September 2013). "Dietary antioxidants, cognitive function and dementia--a systematic review". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 68 (3): 279–92. doi:10.1007/s11130-013-0370-0. PMID 23881465.
↑ Takeda A, Nyssen OP, Syed A, Jansen E, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Gallo V (2014). "Vitamin A and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroepidemiology. 42 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1159/000355849. PMID 24356061.
↑ Harrison FE (2012). "A critical review of vitamin C for the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 29 (4): 711–26. doi:10.3233/JAD-2012-111853. PMC 3727637. PMID 22366772.
↑ Sena E, Wheble P, Sandercock P, Macleod M (Februarie 2007). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of tirilazad in experimental stroke". Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 38 (2): 388–94. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000254462.75851.22. PMID 17204689.
↑ Zhang S, Wang L, Liu M, Wu B (2010). "Tirilazad for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD006778. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006778.pub2. PMID 20166088.
↑ Bath PM, Iddenden R, Bath FJ, Orgogozo JM (2001). "Tirilazad for acute ischaemic stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002087. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002087. PMID 11687138.
↑ Bath PM, Gray LJ, Bath AJ, Buchan A, Miyata T, Green AR (Augustus 2009). "Effects of NXY-059 in experimental stroke: an individual animal meta-analysis". British Journal of Pharmacology. 157 (7): 1157–71. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00196.x. PMC 2743834. PMID 19422398.
↑ Green AR, Ashwood T (April 2005). "Free radical trapping as a therapeutic approach to neuroprotection in stroke: experimental and clinical studies with NXY-059 and free radical scavengers". Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders. 4 (2): 109–18. doi:10.2174/1568007053544156. PMID 15857295.
↑ Lemmo W (September 2014). "Potential interactions of prescription and over-the-counter medications having antioxidant capabilities with radiation and chemotherapy". International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 137 (11): 2525–33. doi:10.1002/ijc.29208. PMID 25220632.
↑ D'Andrea GM (2005). "Use of antioxidants during chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be avoided". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 55 (5): 319–21. doi:10.3322/canjclin.55.5.319. PMID 16166076.
↑ ^31,0 ^31,1 Magalhães, P; Dean, O; Andreazza, A (2016). "Antioxidant treatments for schizophrenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD008919.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008919.pub2.
↑ Takanami Y, Iwane H, Kawai Y, Shimomitsu T (Februarie 2000). "Vitamin E supplementation and endurance exercise: are there benefits?". Sports Medicine. 29 (2): 73–83. doi:10.2165/00007256-200029020-00001. PMID 10701711.
↑ Gavura, Scott. "Antioxidants and Exercise: More Harm Than Good?". Science Based Medicine. Besoek op 19 Desember 2011. {{cite web}}: Onbekende parameter |name-list-format= geïgnoreer (hulp)
↑ Rodriguez-Amaya DB (2003). "Food carotenoids: analysis, composition and alterations during storage and processing of foods". Forum of Nutrition. 56: 35–7. PMID 15806788.
↑ Maiani G, Castón MJ, Catasta G, Toti E, Cambrodón IG, Bysted A, Granado-Lorencio F, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Knuthsen P, Valoti M, Böhm V, Mayer-Miebach E, Behsnilian D, Schlemmer U (September 2009). "Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 53 Suppl 2: S194–218. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200800053. PMID 19035552. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 September 2018. Besoek op 23 September 2017.
↑ Henry CJ, Heppell N (Februarie 2002). "Nutritional losses and gains during processing: future problems and issues". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 61 (1): 145–8. doi:10.1079/PNS2001142. PMID 12002789.
↑ Beecher GR (Oktober 2003). "Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (10): 3248S–3254S. PMID 14519822.
↑ "Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention: Fact Sheet" (in Engels). National Cancer Institute. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 Desember 2010. Besoek op 27 Februarie 2007.
↑ Ortega R (Desember 2006). "Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet". Public Health Nutrition. 9 (8A): 1136–40. doi:10.1017/S1368980007668530. PMID 17378953.

Eksterne skakels

Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die Engelse Wikipedia

[1] Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2013). "Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm?". PLoS ONE. 8 (9): e74558. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874558B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558. PMC 3765487. PMID 24040282.

[2] Abner EL, Schmitt FA, Mendiondo MS, Marcum JL, Kryscio RJ (Julie 2011). "Vitamin E and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis". Current Aging Science. 4 (2): 158–70. doi:10.2174/1874609811104020158. PMC 4030744. PMID 21235492.

[3] Cortés-Jofré M, Rueda JR, Corsini-Muñoz G, Fonseca-Cortés C, Caraballoso M, Bonfill Cosp X (2012). "Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10: CD002141. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002141.pub2. PMID 23076895.

[4] Jiang L, Yang KH, Tian JH, Guan QL, Yao N, Cao N, Mi DH, Wu J, Ma B, Yang SH (2010). "Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Nutrition and Cancer. 62 (6): 719–27. doi:10.1080/01635581.2010.494335. PMID 20661819.

[5] Rees K, Hartley L, Day C, Flowers N, Clarke A, Stranges S (2013). "Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD009671. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009671.pub2. PMID 23440843.

[6] Shekelle PG, Morton SC, Jungvig LK, Udani J, Spar M, Tu W, J Suttorp M, Coulter I, Newberry SJ, Hardy M (April 2004). "Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 19 (4): 380–9. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30090.x. PMC 1492195. PMID 15061748.

[Ullmann-7] "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry".. (2007). DOI:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.

[Stanner-8] 8,0 ^8,1 Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J (Mei 2004). "A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'". Public Health Nutrition. 7 (3): 407–22. doi:10.1079/PHN2003543. PMID 15153272.

[Shenkin-9] Shenkin A (Februarie 2006). "The key role of micronutrients". Clinical Nutrition. 25 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.006. PMID 16376462.

[10] Woodside JV, McCall D, McGartland C, Young IS (November 2005). "Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 64 (4): 543–53. doi:10.1079/PNS2005464. PMID 16313697.

[11] Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective Geargiveer 23 September 2015 op Wayback Machine. World Cancer Research Fund (2007). ISBN 978-0-9722522-2-5.

[Hail-12] Hail N, Cortes M, Drake EN, Spallholz JE (Julie 2008). "Cancer chemoprevention: a radical perspective". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 45 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.004. PMID 18454943.

[lpi-13] "Flavonoids" (in Engels). Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 April 2020. Besoek op 24 Julie 2016.

[14] Csepregi, K; Neugart, S; Schreiner, M; Hideg, Éva (2016). "Comparative Evaluation of Total Antioxidant Capacities of Plant Polyphenols". Molecules. 21 (2): 208. doi:10.3390/molecules21020208. PMID 26867192.

[Williams-15] Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (April 2004). "Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 36 (7): 838–49. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001. PMID 15019969.

[aggarwal-16] Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S (Mei 2006). "Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer". Biochemical Pharmacology. 71 (10): 1397–421. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.02.009. PMID 16563357.

[Azzi-17] Azzi A (Julie 2007). "Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 43 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.013. PMID 17561089.

[Virgili-18] Virgili F, Marino M (November 2008). "Regulation of cellular signals from nutritional molecules: a specific role for phytochemicals, beyond antioxidant activity". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 45 (9): 1205–16. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.001. PMID 18762244.

[19] Di Matteo V, Esposito E (April 2003). "Biochemical and therapeutic effects of antioxidants in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders. 2 (2): 95–107. doi:10.2174/1568007033482959. PMID 12769802.

[20] Rao AV, Balachandran B (Oktober 2002). "Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases". Nutritional Neuroscience. 5 (5): 291–309. doi:10.1080/1028415021000033767. PMID 12385592.

[21] Crichton GE, Bryan J, Murphy KJ (September 2013). "Dietary antioxidants, cognitive function and dementia--a systematic review". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 68 (3): 279–92. doi:10.1007/s11130-013-0370-0. PMID 23881465.

[22] Takeda A, Nyssen OP, Syed A, Jansen E, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Gallo V (2014). "Vitamin A and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroepidemiology. 42 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1159/000355849. PMID 24356061.

[23] Harrison FE (2012). "A critical review of vitamin C for the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 29 (4): 711–26. doi:10.3233/JAD-2012-111853. PMC 3727637. PMID 22366772.

[24] Sena E, Wheble P, Sandercock P, Macleod M (Februarie 2007). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of tirilazad in experimental stroke". Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 38 (2): 388–94. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000254462.75851.22. PMID 17204689.

[25] Zhang S, Wang L, Liu M, Wu B (2010). "Tirilazad for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD006778. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006778.pub2. PMID 20166088.

[26] Bath PM, Iddenden R, Bath FJ, Orgogozo JM (2001). "Tirilazad for acute ischaemic stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002087. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002087. PMID 11687138.

[27] Bath PM, Gray LJ, Bath AJ, Buchan A, Miyata T, Green AR (Augustus 2009). "Effects of NXY-059 in experimental stroke: an individual animal meta-analysis". British Journal of Pharmacology. 157 (7): 1157–71. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00196.x. PMC 2743834. PMID 19422398.

[28] Green AR, Ashwood T (April 2005). "Free radical trapping as a therapeutic approach to neuroprotection in stroke: experimental and clinical studies with NXY-059 and free radical scavengers". Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders. 4 (2): 109–18. doi:10.2174/1568007053544156. PMID 15857295.

[Lemmo,_W_Potential_interactions_of_prescription_and_over-the-counter_medications_having_antioxidant_capabilities_with_radiation_and_chemotherapy_2014-29] Lemmo W (September 2014). "Potential interactions of prescription and over-the-counter medications having antioxidant capabilities with radiation and chemotherapy". International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 137 (11): 2525–33. doi:10.1002/ijc.29208. PMID 25220632.

[30] D'Andrea GM (2005). "Use of antioxidants during chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be avoided". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 55 (5): 319–21. doi:10.3322/canjclin.55.5.319. PMID 16166076.

[Mag2016-31] 31,0 ^31,1 Magalhães, P; Dean, O; Andreazza, A (2016). "Antioxidant treatments for schizophrenia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD008919.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008919.pub2.

[32] Takanami Y, Iwane H, Kawai Y, Shimomitsu T (Februarie 2000). "Vitamin E supplementation and endurance exercise: are there benefits?". Sports Medicine. 29 (2): 73–83. doi:10.2165/00007256-200029020-00001. PMID 10701711.

[33] Gavura, Scott. "Antioxidants and Exercise: More Harm Than Good?". Science Based Medicine. Besoek op 19 Desember 2011. {{cite web}}: Onbekende parameter |name-list-format= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[34] Rodriguez-Amaya DB (2003). "Food carotenoids: analysis, composition and alterations during storage and processing of foods". Forum of Nutrition. 56: 35–7. PMID 15806788.

[35] Maiani G, Castón MJ, Catasta G, Toti E, Cambrodón IG, Bysted A, Granado-Lorencio F, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Knuthsen P, Valoti M, Böhm V, Mayer-Miebach E, Behsnilian D, Schlemmer U (September 2009). "Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 53 Suppl 2: S194–218. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200800053. PMID 19035552. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 September 2018. Besoek op 23 September 2017.

[36] Henry CJ, Heppell N (Februarie 2002). "Nutritional losses and gains during processing: future problems and issues". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 61 (1): 145–8. doi:10.1079/PNS2001142. PMID 12002789.

[Beecher-37] Beecher GR (Oktober 2003). "Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (10): 3248S–3254S. PMID 14519822.

[38] "Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention: Fact Sheet" (in Engels). National Cancer Institute. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 Desember 2010. Besoek op 27 Februarie 2007.

[39] Ortega R (Desember 2006). "Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet". Public Health Nutrition. 9 (8A): 1136–40. doi:10.1017/S1368980007668530. PMID 17378953.

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