Wanara

Lukisan para wanara membangun jembatan menuju Alengka. Ilustrasi tentang kisah Ramayana, karya Balasaheb Pandit Pant Pratinidhi.
Tiga ratus penari Wanara di Festival Merapi, Sleman, Yogyakarta.

Dalam mitologi Hindu, Wanara (Dewanagari: वानर; ,IAST: Vānara, वानर) berarti "monyet"[1] atau "manusia (nara) hutan (wana)".[2] Istilah ini sangat terkenal untuk merujuk kepada ras manusia-kera dalam mitologi Hindu yang memiliki sifat gagah berani dan selalu ingin tahu. Kisah tentang mereka tercatat dalam dua wiracarita Hindu, yaitu Ramayana dan Mahabharata. Kitab Ramayana mengandung cerita tentang wanara dengan porsi yang lebih signifikan, sementara Mahabharata menceritakan keberadaan wanara dalam ekspedisi militer Sadewa menaklukkan kerajaan-kerajaan di India Selatan dalam rangka upacara Rajasuya yang diselenggarakan Yudistira.

Deskripsi

Seperti yang digambarkan dalam wiracarita, ciri-ciri wanara misalnya suka bersenang-senang, kekanak-kanakan, ringan tangan, suka bercanda, hiperaktif, gemar berpetualang, jujur nan polos, setia, berani, dan ramah. Mereka lebih pendek daripada tinggi manusia pada umumnya dan tubuh mereka ditutupi oleh bulu yang cerah, umumnya berwarna cokelat.[3][4]

Wanara yang terbesar dan terkenal adalah Hanoman, abdi setia Sri Rama, dan merupakan inkarnasi dari Dewa Siwa. Beberapa wanara terkenal lainnya adalah Anjani (ibu Hanoman), Sugriwa, Subali, Nila dan Anggada.

Menurut Ramayana, para Wanara umumnya tinggal di Kiskenda yang pada masa sekarang terletak di wilayah India Selatan, di tengah hutan Dandaka, tempat Rama menjumpai mereka saat berpetualang mencari Sinta. Para wanara menolong Rama mencari Sinta, dan juga turut bertarung melawan Rahwana, sang penculik Sinta.

Wiracarita Mahabharata menggambarkan mereka sebagai suku yang hidup di tengah-tengah hutan. Mereka dijumpai oleh Sadewa, seorang jendral Pandawa yang memimpin kampanye militer ke India Selatan. Seekor wanara bernama Hanoman juga dijumpai oleh seorang Pandawa bernama Bima, sebagaimana tercatat dalam Mahabharata jilid Wanaparwa, yang menceritakan masa pengasingan kelima Pandawa di tengah hutan.

Referensi

  1. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier. "Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic". www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2022. 
  2. ^ Krishna, Nanditha (2014-05-01). Sacred Animals of India (dalam bahasa Inggris). Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-182-6. 
  3. ^ Catherine Ludvik (1 January 1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5. G. Ramadas infers from Ravana's reference to the kapis tail as an ornament (bhusana) that is a long appendage in the dress worn by men of the Savara tribe. 
  4. ^ "The Ramayana index". 


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