Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf
Lahir(1882-01-25)25 Januari 1882
London
Meninggal28 Maret 1941(1941-03-28) (umur 59)
dekat Lewes, Inggris
PekerjaanNovelis, eseis, cerpenis
KebangsaanInggris

Virginia Woolf (Née Stephen) (25 Januari 1882 – 28 Maret 1941) adalah seorang novelis Inggris yang dianggap salah satu tokoh terbesar sastra modernis dari abad 20. Walaupun ia sering kali disebut sebagai seorang feminis, ia menyangkal julukan tersebut karena ia merasa itu menunjukkan suatu obsesi tentang wanita dan permasalahan wanita. Dia memilih disebut seorang humanis (lihat Three Guineas). Ia dibesarkan dari keluarga yang berpikiran bebas.[1]

Hogart Press

Woolf menulis sejak remaja berupa cerita pendek, novel, dan lainnya. Novel pertamanya berjudul Melymbrosia kemudian diterbitkan setelah Woolf menikah dengan judul The Voyage Out pada tahun 1915. Dalam novelnya Woolf bereksperimen dengan berbagai teknik sastra. Ia menggunakan perspektif naratif yang menarik dan tidak lazim, ia menceritakan negara impian, dan menulis prosa dengan asosiasi yang bebas. Pada Tahun 1917, Woolf membeli mesin cetak bekas dan mendirikan Hogarth Press, sebuah perusahaan penerbitan pribadi yang operasionalnya dijalankan di luar rumahnya. Penerbitan tersebut tidak hanya menerbitkan karya-karya Woolf sendiri, tetapi juga menerbitkan karya-karya Sigmund Freud, Katharine Mansfield, dan T.S. Eliot.[1]

Setahun setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia I, Woolf membeli Monk House, sebuah pondok di desa Rodmell pada tahun 1919, dan pada tahun yang sama Virginia menerbitkan Night and Day, sebuah novel yang dibuat di Edwardian England. Novel ketiganya, Jacob's Room, diterbitkan pula oleh Hogarth pada tahun 1922.[1]

Bunuh Diri

Namun sayang, dalam kehidupan pribadinya ia menderita depresi berat. Hal itu diketahui oleh suaminya Leonard yang selalu setia mendampinginya. Itu terlihat dari naskah terakhirnya berjudul Between The Acts yang diterbitkan ketika Woolf sudah meninggal. Perang Dunia II sedang berkecamuk pada saat itu dan Virginia Woolf tenggelam dalam keputusasaan. Ia memutuskan kalau Inggris diserbu oleh Jerman, ia akan bunuh diri bersama-sama dengan keluarganya, mengingat Leonard adalah seorang Yahudi, yang mungkin saja akan terancam bahaya. Pada tahun 1940, rumah keluarga Virginia memang dihancurkan oleh penyerangan Jerman. Woolf tidak dapat mengatasi keputusasaannya. Ia bunuh diri dengan cara menceburkan diri ke sungai Ouse setelah sebelumnya memberati badannya dengan batu-batu yang disimpan di semua saku bajunya. Peristiwa itu terjadi pada tanggal 28 Maret 1941. Mayatnya baru ditemukan tiga minggu setelahnya. Leonard kemudian mengkremasinya. Lalu, abunya disimpan di rumah seorang biksu.[1]

Pada masa antar perang dunia, Woolf merupakan tokoh penting komunitas sastra London dan menjadi anggota grup Bloomsbury. Karyanya yang paling dikenal antara lain novel Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, Orlando, dan esainya A Room of One's Own.[1]

Bibliografi

Artikel utama: Bibliografi Virginia Woolf

Novel

Cerita pendek

  • Monday or Tuesday (edisi 1919)
    • "A Haunted House"
    • "A Society"
    • "Monday or Tuesday"
    • "The Mark on the Wall"
  • A Haunted House and Other Short Stories (edisi 1944)
    • "A Haunted House"
    • "Monday or Tuesday"
    • "An Unwritten Novel"
    • "The String Quartet"
    • "Kew Gardens"
    • "The Mark on the Wall"
    • "The New Dress"
    • "The Shooting Party"
    • "Lappin and Lappinova"
    • "Solid Objects"
    • "The Lady in the Looking-Glass"
    • "The Duchess and the Jeweller"
    • "Moments of Being: Slater's Pins have no Points"
    • "The Man who Loved his Kind"
    • "The Searchlight"
    • "The Legacy"
    • "Together and Apart"
    • "A Summing Up"
  • The Complete Shorter Fiction (edisi 1985)
    • "Phyllis and Rosamond"
    • "The Mysterious Case of Miss V"
    • "The Journal of Mistress Joan Martyn"
    • "Memoirs of a Novelist"
    • "The Mark on the Wall"
    • "Kew Gardens"
    • "The Evening Party"
    • "Solid Objects"
    • "Sympathy"
    • "An Unwritten Novel"
    • "A Haunted House"
    • "A Society"
    • "Monday or Tuesday"
    • "The String Quartet"
    • "Blue & Green"
    • "A Woman's College from Outside"
    • "In the Orchard"
    • "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street"
    • "Nurse Lugton's Curtain"
    • "The Widow and the Parrot: A True Story"
    • "The New Dress"
    • "Happiness"
    • "Ancestors"
    • "The Introduction"
    • "Together and Apart"
    • "The Man who Loved his Kind"
    • "A Simple Melody"
    • "A Summing Up"
    • "Moments of Being: Slater's Pins have no Points"
    • "The Lady in the Looking-Glass"
    • "The Fascination of the Pool"
    • "Three Pictures"
    • "Scenes from the Life of a British Naval Officer"
    • "Miss Pryme"
    • "Ode Written Partly in Prose"
    • "Portraits"
    • "Uncle Vanya"
    • "The Duchess and the Jeweller"
    • "The Shooting Party"
    • "Lappin and Lappinova"
    • "The Searchlight"
    • "Gypsy, the Mongrel"
    • "The Legacy"
    • "The Symbol"
    • "The Watering Place"

Biografi

Di luar beberapa esai yang berisi deskripsi biografis, Virginia Woolf menerbitkan tiga buku yang diberi subjudul "A Biography":

Nonfiksi

  • Modern Fiction (1919)
  • The Common Reader (1925)
    • "The Common Reader"
    • "The Pastors and Chaucer"
    • "On not knowing Greek"
    • "The Elizabethan Lumber Room"
    • "Notes on an Elizabethan Play"
    • "Montaigne"
    • "The Duchess of Newcastle"
    • "Rambling Round Evelyn"
    • "Defoe"
    • "Addison"
    • "Lives of the Obscure - Taylors and Edgeworths"
    • "Lives of the Obscure - Laetitia Pilkington"
    • "Jane Austin"
    • "Modern Fiction"
    • "'Jayne Eyre' and 'Wuthering Heights'"
    • "George Eliot"
    • "The Russian Point of View"
    • "Outlines - Miss Mitford"
    • "Outlines - Bentley"
    • "Outlines - Lady Dorothy Nevill"
    • "Outlines - Archbishop Thomson"
    • "The Patron and the Crocus"
    • "The Modern Essay"
    • "Joseph Conrad"
    • "How it strikes a Contemporary"
  • A Room of One's Own (1929)
  • On Being Ill (1930)
  • The London Scene (1931)
  • The Common Reader: Second Series (1932)
    • "The Strange Elizabethans"
    • "Donne After Three Centuries"
    • "The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia"
    • "Robinson Crusoe"
    • "Dorothy Osborne's 'Letters'"
    • "Swift's 'Journal of Stella'"
    • "The 'Sentimental Journey'"
    • "Lord Chesterfield's Letters to his Son"
    • "Two Parsons: James Woodforde, John Skinner"
    • "Dr. Burney's Evening Party"
    • "Jack Mytton"
    • "De Quincey's Autobiography"
    • "Four Figures: Cowper and Lady Austen, Beau Brummell, Mary Wollstonecraft, Dorothy Wordsworth"
    • "William Hazlitt"
    • "Geraldine and Jane"
    • "Aurora Leigh"
    • "The Niece of an Earl"
    • "George Gissing"
    • "The Novels of George Meredith"
    • "I am Christina Rossetti"
    • "The Novels of Thomas Hardy"
    • "How Should One Read a Book?"
  • Three Guineas (1938)
  • The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942)
    • "The Death Of The Moth"
    • "Evening Over Sussex: Reflections in a Motor Car"
    • "Three Pictures"
    • "Old Mrs. Grey"
    • "Street Haunting: A London Adventure"
    • "'Twelfth Night' at the Old Vic"
    • "Madame de Sévigné"
    • "The Humane Art"
    • "Two Antiquaries: Walpole and Cole"
    • "The Rev. William Cole: A Letter"
    • "The Historian and 'The Gibbon'"
    • "Reflections at Sheffield Place"
    • "The Man at the Gate"
    • "Sara Coleridge"
    • "Not One Of Us"
    • "Henry James"
      • '1. Within the Rim'
      • '2. The Old Order'
      • '3. The Letters of Henry James'
    • "George Moore"
    • "The Novels of E. M. Forster"
    • "Middlebrow"
    • "The Art of Biography"
    • "Craftsmanship"
    • "A Letter to a Young Poet"
    • "Why?"
    • "Professions for Women"
    • "Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid"
  • The Moment and Other Essays (1947)
  • The Captain's Death Bed And Other Essays (1950)
    • "Oliver Goldsmith"
    • "White's Selborne"
    • "Life Itself"
    • "Crabbe"
    • "Selina Trimmer"
    • "The Captain's Death Bed"
    • "Ruskin"
    • "The Novels Of Turgenev"
    • "Half Of Thomas Hardy"
    • "Leslie Stephen"
    • "Mr. Conrad: A Conversation"
    • "The Cosmos"
    • "Walter Raleigh"
    • "Mr. Bennett And Mrs. Brown" (1924)
    • "All About Books"
    • "Reviewing"
    • "Modern Letters"
    • "Reading"
    • "The Cinema"
    • "Walter Sickert"
    • "Flying Over London"
    • "The Sun And The Fish"
    • "Gas"
    • "Thunder At Wembley"
    • "Memories Of A Working Women's Guild"
  • Women And Writing (1979)
  • Freshwater: A Comedy - Drama yang ditulis pada tahun 1935, diterbitkan tahun 1976 dan tahun 1985 (disunting oleh Lucio P. Ruotolo, ilustrasi oleh Edward Gorey)

Autobiografi

  • A Writer’s Diary (1953) - Petikan dari buku hariannya
  • Moments of Being (1976)
  • A Moment's Liberty: the shorter diary (1990)
  • A Passionate Apprentice: the early journals (1990)
  • Congenial Spirits: the selected letters (1993)
  • The Diary of Virginia Woolf (five volumes) - Buku harian Virginia Woolf dari 1915 sampai 1941
  • The Flight of the Mind: Letters of Virginia Woolf vol 1 1888 - 1912 (1975)
  • The Question of Things Happening: Letters of Virginia Woolf vol 2 1913 - 1922 (1976)
  • A Change of Perspective: Letters of Virginia Woolf vol 3 1923 - 1928 (1977)
  • A Reflection of the Other Person: Letters of Virginia Woolf vol 4 1929 - 1931 (1978)
  • The Sickle Side of the Moon: Letters of Virginia Woolf vol 5 1932 - 1935 (1979)
  • Leave the Letters Till We're Dead: Letters of Virginia Woolf vol 6 1936 - 1941 (1980)
  • Passionate Apprentice: The Early Journals, 1897-1909 (1990)
  • Paper Darts: The Illustrated Letters of Virginia Woolf (1991)
  • Travels With Virginia Woolf (1993) - Buku harian perjalanan di Yunani milik Virginia Woolf, disunting oleh Jan Morris

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e "Virginia Woolf". Biography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2019-03-24. 

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