Terusan Besar Tiongkok

Peta modern Terusan Besar Cina.

Kanal atau Terusan Besar Tiongkok (Hanzi: 大运河; Hanzi tradisional: 大運河; Hanzi: Dà Yùnhé), atau dikenal juga dengan Terusan Besar Beijing-Hanzhou (Hanzi: 京杭大运河; Hanzi tradisional: 京杭大運河; Hanzi: Jīng Háng Dà Yùnhé) adalah terusan kuno atau sungai buatan terpanjang di dunia dengan panjang total kurang 1770 km,[1][2] sebuah proyek monumental yang mempersatukan wilayah utara dan selatan Cina. Dimulai di Beijing, terusan ini melalui Tianjin dan provinsi-provinsi Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, dan Zhejiang, sampai ke kota Hangzhou. Bagian tertua terusan dibangun sejak abad ke-5 SM, walaupun berbagai bagian baru terangkai menjadi satu pada masa Dinasti Sui (581–618). Wilayah paling tinggi terusan dicapai di pegunungan Shandong, kurang lebih pada ketinggian 42 m.[3] Kapal-kapal yang melalui terusan ini tidak mengalami kesulitan untuk mencapai wilayah yang lebih tinggi dengan diciptakannya pound lock pada abad ke-10, pada masa pemerintahan dinasti Song.[4] Selama berabad-abad kekuasaan para kaisar jatuh bangun bersama pengendalian terusan besar yang menghubungkan daerah penghasil padi di sepanjang sungai Yangtze di selatan, dengan ibu kota kekaisaran di sungai Kuning di utara.

Pendiri Terusan Besar

  • Kaisar Yang dari Dinasti Sui, pada tahun 605 M untuk menggalakkan perdagangan di Luoyang, menghubungkan sungai Kuning dan Yangtze. Lebih dari dua juta orang bekerja paksa menghubungkan danau dan sungai sehingga rampung pada tahun 611 M.
  • Kaisar Kubilai Khan membangun kembali pada tahun 1279 - 1293. Sejumlah bagian terusan (kanal) membutuhkan perbaikan setelah tahun 1127, saat Dinasti Song yang terdesak memindahkan ibu kota ke Hangzhou. Pada tahun 1279, kaisar pertama Mongol atau Dinasti Yuan, menghidupkan kembali kanal dan membuat rute langsung dari dan ke ibu kotadi Dadu (sekarang Beijing)
  • Dinasti Ming memperluas dan memperbaiki kanal selama tiga abad.
  • Kaisar Qianlong dari Dinasti Qing, pada masa keemasan (1368-1855), melakukan enam kali inspeksi. Inspeksi pertama pada tahun 1751, yang mencerminkan fungsi penting kanal di bidang politik dan ekonomi. Pada tahun 1855, arah arus deras sungai Kuning berubah dan merusak sejumlah bagian kanal sehingga melemahkan Dinasti Qing.

Lihat pula

Rujukan

  • Benn, Charles. (2002). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517665-0.
  • Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
  • Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1
  • Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-521-07060-0

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Grand Canal of China.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ "Hutchinson's Encyclopedia". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-10. 
  2. ^ "Encarta". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-11-01. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-10. 
  3. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 307
  4. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350–352


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