Ter

Ter (bahasa Belanda: teer; bahasa Inggris: tar) adalah cairan berbasis karbon dan hidrokarbon kental yang didapatkan dari berbagai jenis materi organik melalui proses distilasi destruktif. Ter dapat dihasilkan dari batu bara, kayu, minyak bumi, dan gambut.^[1] Produksi dan perdagangan ter pinus pernah menjadi penggerak ekonomi utama Eropa Utara^[2] dan Amerika kolonial. Fungsi utamanya adalah untuk mengawetkan kayu yang menjadi bahan baku utama perahu, agar tidak cepat membusuk. Pengguna ter pinus utama ketika itu adalah Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Inggris. Tingkat permintaan terhadap ter pinus menurun setelah berkembangnya besi dan baja sebagai bahan baku kapal.

Selain dari materi organik, produk mineral serupa ter dapat dihasilkan dari minyak bumi dan batu bara. Tar batu bara merupakan hasil samping produksi kokas.

Kegunaan

Tar yang diproduksi dari kayu pinus maupun betula memiliki manfaat, diantaranya:

Sebagai perekat, bahkan sejak zaman Paleolitikum^[3]
Pelapis badan perahu dan kapal kayu agar lebih awet dan anti air
Pelapis atap kayu
Perawatan hewan, terutama perawatan ujung kaki kuda dan sapi^[4]
Antiseptik untuk perawatan luka unggas yang saling mematuk^[5]
Pernah dimanfaatkan sebagai losion dan campuran sabun, namun tidak lagi sejak kandungan kreosot di dalam ter memiliki sifat karsinogenik.^[6]
Bahan baku permen karet^[7]
Pelapis kulit, yang pernah menjadi ciri khas kulit produksi Rusia pada abad ke-17 dan 18^[8]
Pestisida untuk melawan siput^[9]
Permen Terva Leijona dan minuman beralkohol Terva Viina menggunakan perisa berbasis ter

Referensi

^ Daintith, John (2008). tar. Oxford University Press (edisi ke-6th). doi:10.1093/acref/9780199204632.001.0001. ISBN 9780199204632. "Tar: Definition". Miriam Webster. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2013. "a dark brown or black bituminous usually odorous viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation of organic material (such as wood, coal, or peat)". "tar and pitch" (edisi ke-6th). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2013. "tar and pitch, viscous, dark-brown to black substances obtained by the destructive distillation of coal, wood, petroleum, peat, and certain other organic materials. "
^ Burger, Pauline. "Ancient maritime pitch and tar a multi-disciplinary study of sources, technology and preservation". British Museum. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2013.
^ Kozowyk, P. R. B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G. H. J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 8033. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5579016 . PMID 28860591.
^ Wickstrom, Mark. "Phenols and Related Compounds". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Manuals. Diakses tanggal 16 April 2015.
^ Laura Bryant. Chickens: A Step-by-Step Guide to Raising and Keeping Hens. Cedar Fort, Inc. ISBN 9781462103409. Diakses tanggal 2018-02-26.
^ Barnes, Tanya M.; Greive, Kerryn A. (2017). "Topical pine tar: History, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions". Australasian Journal of Dermatology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 58 (2): 80–85. doi:10.1111/ajd.12427. ISSN 1440-0960. PMC 5434829 . PMID 26790564.
^ "Student dig unearths ancient gum, 2007".
^ "Production of Russia Leather" (PDF). The Honourable Cordwainers' Company. 1807. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-15.
^ Lindqvist I., Lindqvist B., Tiilikkala K., Hagner M., Penttinen O.-P., Pasanen T. & Setälä H. (2010). "Birch tar oil is an effective mollusc repellent: field and laboratory experiments using Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda: Helicidae) and Arion lusitanicus (Gastropoda: Arionidae)". Agricultural and Food Science 19(1): 1-12. DOI:10.2137/145960610791015050.

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