Tawaran Frankfurt


Prancis dan "perbatasan alami"-nya pada tahun 1801

Tawaran Frankfurt atau memorandum Frankfurt adalah tawaran dari Menteri Austria Klemens von Metternich untuk mengakhiri Perang Koalisi Keenam. Ia menawarkan usulan ini kepada Kaisar Prancis Napoleon I pada November 1813 setelah ia mengalami kekalahan besar dalam Pertempuran Leipzig. Sekutu telah menaklukkan kembali sebagian besar wilayah Jerman hingga ke Sungai Rhein, tetapi mereka masih belum menentukan langkah mereka yang selanjutnya. Metternich memutuskan untuk mengambil inisiatif. Utusan Sekutu yang berkumpul di Frankfurt merumuskan sebuah tawaran dengan pengawasan dari Metternich. Diplomat Britania yang hadir pada saat itu, Lord Aberdeen, salah memahami pandangan London dan menerima isinya.[1][2]

Berdasarkan usulan ini, Napoleon akan tetap menjadi Kaisar Prancis, tetapi wilayah Prancis akan dikurangi hingga ke "perbatasan alami" Prancis seperti yang dicetuskan oleh para pejuang Revolusi Prancis. Perbatasan alami ini adalah Pegunungan Pirenia, Pegunungan Alpen, dan Sungai Rhein. Prancis akan tetap mengendalikan Belgia, Savoia, dan Rheinland, dan mereka juga akan melepaskan wilayah lainnya seperti Spanyol, Polandia, Belanda, sebagian besar wilayah Italia, dan wilayah Jerman di sebelah timur Sungai Rhein.[3]

Metternich dan Napoleon sudah bertemu secara pribadi di Dresden pada bulan Juni untuk membahas hal ini.[4] Versi akhirnya disampaikan kepada Napoleon oleh Baron de Saint-Aignon pada bulan November.[5] Metternich memberitahukan Napoleon bahwa kemungkinan ini adalah tawaran terbaik dari sekutu kepada Prancis; jika Prancis terus kalah, syarat perdamaian akan menjadi semakin berat. Tujuan Metternich adalah untuk menyeimbangkan ancaman dari Rusia sekaligus mengakhiri perang.[6][7]

Napoleon masih berharap menang, sehingga ia terlalu lama menunda dan akhirnya kehilangan kesempatan ini. Pada bulan Desember, Austria telah menandatangani perjanjian dengan Sekutu, dan London menolak tawaran Frankfurt karena mereka tidak ingin Belgia dijadikan pangkalan untuk menyerang Inggris. Tawaran ini pun dibatalkan.[8] Ketika Sekutu menyerbu Prancis pada akhir tahun 1813, Napoleon kalah jumlah; ia mencoba membuka kembali perundingan perdamaian dan mengatakan kalau ia menerima tawaran Frankfurt.[9] Akan tetapi, Sekutu kini ingin memaksakan syarat perdamaian yang lebih keras kepada Prancis, termasuk syarat agar Prancis kembali ke batas wilayahnya seperti pada tahun 1791, yang berarti Prancis harus melepaskan Belgia.[10] Napoleon menolak hal ini, dan ia akhirnya turun takhta pada tanggal 6 April 1814.

Referensi

  1. ^ Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored; Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1957) pp 97-103
  2. ^ Leggiere, Michael V. (2007). The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. Cambridge UP. hlm. 42–62. 
  3. ^ Ross (1969), hlm. 342
  4. ^ Munro Price, "Napoleon and Metternich in 1813: some new and some neglected evidence," French History (2012) 26#4 hlm. 482-503.
  5. ^ Robert Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), hlm. 656-59, 685
  6. ^ J. P. Riley (2013). Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge. hlm. 206. 
  7. ^ Leggiere (2007). The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. hlm. 53. 
  8. ^ Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), hlm. 686
  9. ^ Riley (2013). Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. hlm. 206. 
  10. ^ Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), hlm. 695

Bacaan lanjut

  • Andrews, Robert. Napoleon: A Life (2014)
  • Dwyer, Philip. Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power (2013) ch 22
  • Dwyer, Philip G. "Self-Interest versus the Common Cause: Austria, Prussia and Russia against Napoleon," Journal of Strategic Studies (2008) 31#4 pp 605–632; explores why the Coalition held together so well in 1813-1814
  • Esdaile, Charles. Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803-1815 (2007) pp 217–18
  • Kissinger, Henry A. A World Restored; Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1957) pp 97–103
  • Leggiere, Michael V. (2007). The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. Cambridge UP. hlm. 42–62. 
  • J. P. Riley (2013). Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge. hlm. 206. 
  • Ross, Stephen T. European Diplomatic History 1789-1815: France against Europe (1969) pp 342–344
  • Ward, A.W. and G. P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919: Volume I: 1783–1815 (1921) online pp 416–35;

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