Skandal Dreyfus

Skandal Dreyfus adalah skandal politik yang memecah belah Prancis pada masa Republik Perancis Ketiga yang berlangsung dari tahun 1894 hingga 1906.^[1] ^[2] Skandal politik ini berpusat pada sosok Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), seorang kapten Yahudi, yang dihukum atas tuduhan berkhianat membocorkan rahasia militer Prancis kepada pihak Jerman.^[1] Kasus ini menjadi contoh paling mencolok dari miscarriage of justice (kegagalan peradilan) dan menimbulkan perdebatan politik^[3] dan mass formation (pembentukan massa).^[4]

Skandal ini dimulai pada bulan Desember 1894 ketika Kapten Alfred Dreyfus dihukum dengan tuduhan pengkhianatan. Dreyfus, yang kala itu berusia 35 tahun, adalah seorang perwira artileri Prancis keturunan Yahudi asal Alsatian. Dia dihukum tanpa dasar dan dijatuhi hukuman penjara seumur hidup karena membocorkan rahasia militer Prancis ke Kedutaan Besar Jerman di Paris. Dia dihukum dengan dikirim ke Pulau Setan (bahasa Inggris: Devil's Island) dan harus menghadapi cuaca yang keras.^[1]^[2]

Selama dalam pengasingan, keluarga Dreyfus, terutama saudaranya yang bernama Mathieu Dreyfus, meyakini bahwa Dreyfus tidak bersalah dan berusaha membuktikannya dengan dibantu jurnalis bernama Bernard. Pada bulan Maret 1896, kepala kontra-spionasi Perancis, Kolonel Georges Picquart, berhasil menemukan sebuah dokumen tulisan tangan yang mirip dengan tulisan tangan Mayor Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy.^[1]^[2] Namun, bukti tersebut ditutupi oleh para petinggi militer, dan setelah sidang praperadilan yang singkat, Mayor Esterhazy dibebaskan dari semua tuduhan dan dikirim berdinas ke Afrika Utara.

Hukuman terhadap Alfred ini telah menimbulkan anti-semitisme, dimana Prancis terbagi menjadi dua kubu, yaitu pendukung Dreyfus (disebut "Dreyfusards") dan penentang Dreyfus (disebut "anti-Dreyfusards").^[1]^[2] Lalu pada Januari 1898 kasus ini kembali mencuat sehingga menjadi isu nasional. Jurnalis Émile Zola menulis sebuah artikel berjudul J'accuse...!, yang menibulkan kemarahan kaum cendikiawan dan liberal.^[1]^[2] Masyarakat Perancis semakin terbelah dua. Pada 1899, pemerintah Prancis akhirnya memberikan pengampunan kepada Alfred Dreyfus,^[1] dan dia dikembalikan bertugas dan turut berperang selama Perang Dunia I.^[1] Alfred Dreyfus kemudian pensiun sebagai letnan kolonel.^[1]

Penghukuman terhadap Dreyfus kemudian diketahui melibatkan Gereja Katolik Roma.^[1] Akibat dari Skandal Dreyfus, pemerintah Prancis akhirnya membuat undang-undang yang memisahkan antara gereja dan negara pada 1906.^[1]^[2]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k (Indonesia) Shadily, Hasan. "Ensiklopedia Indonesia". Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (Inggris) Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Dreyfus Affair".
^ Arendt, Hannah (1942). "From the Dreyfus Affair to France Today". Jewish Social Studies. 4 (3): 195–240. ISSN 0021-6704.
^ Prof. Mattias Desmet on Mass Formation | A Fascinating Conversation with Dr. Roi Yozevitch (dalam bahasa Inggris), diakses tanggal 2023-10-08

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