Sipahi

Sipahi Utsmaniyah sedang bertempur (oleh Józef Brandt)

Sipahi (Turki Otoman: سپاهی Sipahi, pengucapan bahasa Turki: [sipaːhi]; juga ditransliterasikan menjadi Spahi, Sepahi, dan Spakh; secara tradisional Spahia atau Spahiu di Albania dan Rumania, Σπαχής dalam bahasa Yunani dan Spahija (Kiril спахија, спахия) dalam bahasa Bosnia, Kroasia, Serbia, Makedonia Kuno dan Bulgaria) adalah nama untuk beberapa korps kavaleri Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Nama ini berasal dari bahasa Persia سپاه (sepāh) yang berarti "angkatan bersenjata".

Timarli Sipahi

Timarli Sipahi (timariot) adalah pemegang fief suatu tanah (تيمار tîmâr) yang dianugerahkan oleh sultan Utsmaniyah atau oleh beylerbey yang telah memperoleh izin dari sultan. Ia berhak memperoleh segala pendapatan dari tanah tersebut, tetapi sebagai gantinya harus menyediakan jasa militer untuk negara. Status mereka mirip dengan ksatria di Eropa abad pertengahan. Tidak seperti ksatria, mereka bukanlah pemilik resmi, dan hak untuk memerintah dan memungut pajak diberikan oleh sultan.

Tîmâr adalah satuan tanah terkecil yang dipegang oleh seorang Sipahi, yang menghasilkan setiap tahunnya tidak lebih dari 20.000 akçe. Ziamet (زعامت) adalah satuan tanah yang lebih besar yang menghasilkan hingga 100.000 akçe, dan dimiliki oleh Sipahi yang berpangkat perwira. Has (خاص) adalah satuan tanah terbesar yang menghasilkan lebih dari 100.000 akçe dan hanya dipegang oleh sipahi yang berpangkat tinggi.

Referensi

  • Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1.
  • "Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-521-29163-1.

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