Siklofosfamid

Siklofosfamid
Nama sistematis (IUPAC)
(RS)-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide
Data klinis
Nama dagang Lyophilized Cytoxan, Endoxan, Cytoxan, Neosar, Procytox, Revimmune, Cycloblastin
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a682080
Kat. kehamilan D(AU) D(US)
Status hukum Harus dengan resep dokter (S4) (AU) -only (CA) POM (UK) -only (US) Preskripsi saja
Rute By mouth, by injection into a vein
Data farmakokinetik
Bioavailabilitas >75% (by mouth)
Ikatan protein >60%
Metabolisme Liver
Waktu paruh 3–12 hours
Ekskresi Kidney
Pengenal
Nomor CAS 50-18-0 YaY
Kode ATC L01AA01
PubChem CID 2907
DrugBank DB00531
ChemSpider 2804 YaY
UNII 6UXW23996M YaY
KEGG D07760 YaY
ChEBI CHEBI:4027 YaY
ChEMBL CHEMBL88 YaY
Data kimia
Rumus C7H15Cl2N2O2P 
Massa mol. 261.086 g/mol
  • InChI=1S/C7H15Cl2N2O2P/c8-2-5-11(6-3-9)14(12)10-4-1-7-13-14/h1-7H2,(H,10,12) YaY
    Key:CMSMOCZEIVJLDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N YaY

Data fisik
Titik lebur 2 °C (36 °F)

Siklofosfamid atau dikenal juga dengan ejaan dalam Bahasa Inggris Cyclophosphamide, adalah obat kemoterapi untuk mengatasi beberapa jenis kanker, antara lain kanker payudara, kanker darah, kanker ovarium, limfoma, neuroblastoma, dan retinoblastoma. Di Indonesia, obat ini tersedia dalam bentuk suntikan, sehingga penggunaannya hanya boleh dilakukan oleh dokter, atau oleh tenaga medis dalam pengawasan dokter.[1] Namun di luar Indonesia, obat ini tersedia dalam bentuk oral.[2] Nama dagangnya antara lain Cyclovid, Endoxan, atau Neosar[3]

Siklofosfamid menekan sistem imun tubuh, sehingga bisa juga digunakan setelah operasi transplantasi, sindrom nefrotik, kanker sel kecil paru, neuroblastoma, dan sarkoma.[4] Siklofosfamid juga dapat digunakan untuk mengobati beberapa penyakit ginjal pada anak-anak jika pengobatan lain tidak berfungsi maksimal. Selain itu obat ini juga dapat digunakan untuk membantu mengatasi penyakit lupus dan rheumatoid arthitis (reumatik)[5]

Cara kerja

Cyclophosphamide menekan pertumbuhan sel kanker, sekaligus autoimun dengan cepat. Namun karena keracunannya tinggi, obat ini sudah jarang digunakan. Penggunaan secara reguler harus dikuti oleh pengawasan laboratorium dan monitor fungsi ginjal, menghindari komplikasi kandung kemih dan pengawasan terhadap keracunan sumsum tulang belakang.

Sejarah

Siklofosfamid disetujui untuk penggunaan medis sejak 1959. Obat ini dimasukkan pula dalam Daftar Obat Esential WHO, sebagai golongan obat paling efektif dan paling aman dalam sistem kesehatan. Biaya produksi di negara berkembang sekitar US$3.65–14.30 per 1 g vial. Di Kerajaan Inggris tiap dosisnya menghabiskan 17.06 poundsterling. Di Amerika Serikat tiap dosis oral membutuhkan biaya sekitar $19.56.

Efek samping

Dalam kondisi ringan, efek samping dari obat ini adalah mual, hilang nafsu makan, sakit perut, diare, rambut rontok, luka tidak sembuh, siklus haid kacau, dan perubahan warna kulit dan kuku. Pengguna harus melaporkan kepada dokter jika mengalami urin atau feses berdarah, perih saat buang air, muka pucat, lemah, detak jantung tidak stabil, sulit konsentrasi, nyeri dada, batuk kering, susah napas, demam, sakit tenggorokan, flu, memar tiba-tiba, perdarahan tanpa sebab, kulit berwarna ungu atau merah, sakit kepala parah, sakit kuning, reaksi kulit, mata perih, dan kulit terkelupas.[5]

Kondisi kesehatan lain bisa memengaruhi penggunaan obat ini. Karena itu perlu dipertimbangkan bila saat penggunaan juga mengalami masalah cacar air, herpes, asam urat, batu ginjal, infeksi, sakit ginjal, sakit liver, pelepasan kelenjar adrenal, dan akumulasi sel tumor.[5]

Calon pengguna harus menginformasikan kepada dokter bila menderita penyakit diabetes mellitus, imonosupresi berat, pordiria akut, kardiovaskular, gangguan ginjal dan hati, serta laktasi. Obat ini tidak boleh dikonsumsi oleh yang menderita penyakit infeksi akut, dalam masa kehamilan, obstruksi saluran kemih, infeksi saluran kemih bagian atas, atau pasien dengan aplasia sumsum tulang belakang.[6]

Ibu hamil

Oleh FDA, obat ini dikategorikan risiko D, yaitu terbukti memiliki risiko terhadap kandungan, namun dokter bisa memberi pertimbangan memberikan obat ini, terutama bila keuntungannya bisa melebihi risiko yang mungkin ditimbulkan.[5]

Over dosis

Over dosis atas obat ini bisa terjadi dengan gejala feses berwarna gelap, urin merah, memar dan pendarahan tidak biasa, tubuh lelah dan lemah, sakit tenggorokan, demam, dan tanda infeksi lainnya, pembengkakan pada kaki, dan nyeri dada.[5]

Referensi

  1. ^ Cyclophosphamide. dari situs berita alodokter
  2. ^ Siklofosfamid. dari situs alomedika.com
  3. ^ Siklofosfamid. Diarsipkan 2020-03-20 di Wayback Machine. dari situs pom.go.id
  4. ^ Cyclophosphamide. dari situs drugs.com
  5. ^ a b c d e Cyclophosphamide. dari situs hellosehat.com
  6. ^ cyclophosphamide. dari situs sehatq.com

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