Siklid

Siklid
Ikan nila
Mujair
Ikan lou han
Diskus
Red devil
Ikan oskar
Klasifikasi ilmiah Sunting klasifikasi ini
Domain: Eukaryota
Kerajaan: Animalia
Filum: Chordata
Kelas: Actinopterygii
Klad: Percomorpha
(tanpa takson): Ovalentaria
Ordo: Cichliformes
Famili: Cichlidae
Bonaparte, 1835
genus

Lihat teks

Siklid /ˈsɪklɪdz/ adalah ikan dalan famili Cichlidae, ordo Cichliformes. Secara tradisional ikan ini digolongkan dalam subordo Labroidei bersama dengan ikan nori (Labridae) dalam ordo Perciformes,[1] namun penelitian molekuler membantah pengelompokan ini.[2] Berdasarkan bukti fosil, ikan ini pertama kali muncul di Tanzania pada zaman Eosen, yakni sekitar 46–45 juta tahun yang lalu.[3][4] Kerabat terdekat siklid yang masih hidup mungkin adalah Pholidichthys leucotaenia, dan kedua keluarga tersebut diklasifikasikan dalam Fishes of the World edisi ke-5 sebagai dua keluarga dalam ordo Cichliformes, bagian dari subseri Ovalentaria.[5] Keluarga ini besar, beragam, dan tersebar luas. Setidaknya 1.650 spesies telah dideskripsikan secara ilmiah,[6] menjadikannya salah satu keluarga vertebrata terbesar. Spesies baru biasa ditemukan tiap tahun, dan banyak spesies yang masih belum terdeskripsikan. Oleh karena itu, jumlah spesies sebenarnya tidak diketahui, dengan perkiraan bervariasi antara 2.000 dan 3.000.[7]

Banyak siklid khususnya tilapia merupakan ikan konsumsi penting, sementara yang lain seperti spesies Cichla merupakan ikan buruan yang bernilai tinggi. Ikan ini juga mencakup banyak ikan akuarium air tawar populer yang dipelihara oleh para penghobi termasuk Pterophyllum, ikan oskar, dan diskus.[8][9] Siklid memiliki jumlah spesies genting terbesar di antara famili vertebrata, sebagian besar berada pada tribus haplochromini.[10] Siklid sangat terkenal karena radiasi adaptif menjadi banyak spesies yang berkerabat dekat namun beragam secara morfologis di danau-danau besar afrika, khususnya Danau Tanganyika, Danau Victoria, Danau Malawi, dan Danau Edward.[11][12] Keanekaragaman mereka di Danau Besar Afrika penting untuk studi spesiasi dalam evolusi.[13] Banyak siklid yang dimasukkan ke perairan di luar habitat asalnya telah menjadi ikan pengganggu.[14]

Semua siklid melakukan suatu bentuk pengasuhan induk terhadap telur dan benihnya, biasanya dalam bentuk penjagaan telur dan benih atau mengeram.

Genus

Referensi

  1. ^ Stiassny, M.L.J.; Jensen, J.S. (1987). "Labroid intrarelationships revisited: morphological complexity, key innovations, and the study of comparative diversity". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 151: 269–319. 
  2. ^ Wainwright, Peter C.; et al. (2012). "The evolution of pharyngognathy: A phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond". Systematic Biology. 61 (6): 1001–1027. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys060 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 22744773. 
  3. ^ Murray, A.M. (2001). "Eocene cichlid fishes from Tanzania, east Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (4): 651–664. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0651:ECFFTE]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4524146. 
  4. ^ Murray, A.M. (2001). "The oldest fossil cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes): Indication of a 45 million year-old species flock". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 268 (1468): 679–684. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1570. JSTOR 3067613. PMC 1088656 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 11321055. 
  5. ^ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (edisi ke-5th). Wiley. hlm. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2018. 
  6. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, ed. (February 2012). "List of nominal species of Cichlidae". FishBase.org. 
  7. ^ Stiassny, M.; Teugels, G.G.; Hopkins, C.D. (2007). The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa. 2. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. hlm. 269. ISBN 978-90-74752-21-3. 
  8. ^ Loiselle, P.V. (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium. Tetra Press. ISBN 978-1-56465-146-4. 
  9. ^ Kosswig, Curt (June 1963). "Ways of speciation in fishes". Copeia. 1963 (2): 238–244. doi:10.2307/1441338. JSTOR 1441338. 
  10. ^ Reid, G.M. (December 1990). "Captive breeding for the conservation of cichlid fishes". Journal of Fish Biology. 37: 157–166. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05031.x. 
  11. ^ Salzburger, W.; Mack, T.; Verheyen, E.; Meyer, A. (2005). "Out of Tanganyika: Genesis, explosive speciation, key-innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 5 (17): 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-17 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 554777 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 15723698. 
  12. ^ Snoeks, J. (2004). The Cichlid Diversity of Lake Malawi / Nyasa / Niassa: Identification, distribution, and taxonomy. Cichlid Press. ISBN 978-0-9668255-8-9. 
  13. ^ Kornfield, Irv; Smith, Peter (November 2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31: 163–196. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163. 
  14. ^ "Fact sheet for Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)". Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 August 2007. Diakses tanggal 20 October 2006. 
  15. ^ a b c d Dunz, A.R.; Schliewen, U.K. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as "Tilapia"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (1): 64–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015. PMID 23542002. 
  16. ^ De la Maza-Benignos, M., Ornelas-García, C. P., Lozano-Vilano, M.d.L., García-Ramírez, M.E. & Doadrio, I. (2015). "Phylogeographic analysis of genus Herichthys (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with descriptions of Nosferatu new genus and H. tepehua n. sp". Hydrobiologia. 748 (1): 201–231. doi:10.1007/s10750-014-1891-8. hdl:10261/126238. 


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