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Sfalerit

Sfalerit
Umum
KategoriMineral sulfida
Rumus
(unit berulang)
(Zn,Fe)S
Klasifikasi Strunz2.CB.05a
Klasifikasi Dana02.08.02.01
Sistem kristalKubik
Kelas kristalHekstetrahedral (43m)
Simbol H-M: (4 3m)
Grup ruangF43m (No. 216)
Sel unita = 5.406 Å; Z = 4
Struktur
Jmol (3D)Gambar interaktif
Identifikasi
WarnaCokelat, kuning, merah, hijau, hitam.
PerawakanKristal euhedral – yang terdapat sebagai kristal terstruktur, menunjukkan bentuk eksternal yang baik. Granular – umumnya terjadi sebagai kristal anhedral ke subhedral dalam matriks.
Bentuk kembaranKontak kembar sederhana atau bentuk pipih kompleks, sumbu kembar [111]
Belahansempurna
FrakturTidak rata dan konkoidal
Kekerasan dalam skala Mohs3.5-4
KilauAdamantin, resin, berminyak
Goresputih kecoklatan, kuning pucat
DiafaneitasTransparan hingga tembus cahaya, buram saat kaya zat besi
Berat jenis3.9–4.2
Sifat optikIsotropis
Indeks biasnα = 2.369
Sifat lainnon-radioaktif, non-magnetik, fluoresen, dan triboluminesen.
Referensi[1][2][3]

Sfalerit ((Zn, Fe)S) dalah mineral yang merupakan bijih utama dari seng. Sebagian besar terdiri dari seng sulfida dalam bentuk garis kristal tetapi hampir selalu mengandung besi dengan jumlah bervariasi. Ketika kandungan besi cukup tinggi mineral ini berwarna hitam buram, marmatit. Mineral ini biasanya ditemukan bersama dengan galena, pirit, dan sulfida lainnya bersama dengan kalsit, dolomit, dan fluorit. Penambang juga merujuk sfalerit sebagai zinc blende, black-jack dan ruby jack.[4]

Kimia

Struktur kristal sfalerit

Mineral ini mengkristal dalam sistem kristal kubik.[5] Seperti mineral lain dengan struktur kristal kubik, sfalerit dapat menunjukkan perilaku kristal tetrahedral. Dalam struktur kristal, atom seng dan belerang terkoordinasi secara tetrahedral. Struktur ini terkait erat dengan struktur berlian. Analog heksagonalnya dikenal sebagai struktur wurtzit. Konstanta kisi untuk seng sulfida dalam struktur kristal zink blende adalah 0.541 nm,[6] dihitung dari geometri dan jari-jari ionik sebesar 0.074 nm (seng) dan 0.184 nm (sulfida). Mineral ini membentuk lapisan ABCABC.[7]

Semua sfalerit alami mengandung konsentrasi terbatas dari berbagai unsur pengotor. Pengotor ini umumnya menggantikan posisi seng dalam kisi. Yang paling umum adalah Cd dan Mn, namun Ga, Ge serta In juga dapat hadir dalam konsentrasi yang relatif tinggi (100 hingga 1000 ppm).[8] Kelimpahan unsur ini dikendalikan oleh kondisi di mana sfalerit terbentuk, yang paling penting adalah suhu pembentukan dan komposisi cairan.[8]

Ragam

Mineral ini biasanya berwarna kuning, coklat, atau abu-abu sampai abu-hitam, dan mungkin mengkilap atau kusam. lustre adalah adamantin, resin ke submetalik untuk ragam berkadar besi yang tinggi. Mineral ini memiliki goresan kuning atau coklat muda, dengan kekerasan Mohs dari 3.5–4, dan gravitasi spesifik antara 3.9–4.1. Beberapa spesimen memiliki iridesensi merah di dalam kristal abu-abu; hal ini disebut "ruby sphalerite". Varietas kuning dan merah pucat hanya memiliki sedikit zat besi dan tembus cahaya. Varietas yang lebih gelap dan lebih buram mengandung lebih banyak zat besi. Beberapa spesimen juga berpendar dalam cahaya ultraviolet.[9][10]

Indeks bias sfalerit (diukur melalui cahaya natrium, panjang gelombang rata-rata 589.3 nm) adalah 2.37. Sfalerit mengkristal dalam sistem kristal isometrik dan memiliki pembelahan dodekahedral yang sempurna.[11]

Gemmy, spesimen pucat dari Franklin, New Jersey (lihat Tanur Franklin), berwarna jingga dan/atau biru serta sangat berpendar di bawah panjang gelombang sinar ultraviolet dan dikenal sebagai cleiophane, varietas ZnS yang hampir murni.[12]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Sphalerite. Webmineral. Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  2. ^ Sphalerite. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
  3. ^ Handbook of Mineralogy
  4. ^ Fleet, M.E. (1977) "Structural transformations in natural ZnS". American Mineralogist, 62: 540-546.
  5. ^ Smith. F.G. (1955) "Structure of zinc-sulfide minerals". American Mineralogist, 40: 658-675.
  6. ^ International Centre for Diffraction Data reference 04-004-3804, ICCD reference 04-004-3804.
  7. ^ Ebina, A. & Takahashi, T. (1967) "Crystal structure and stacking disorder of ZnS single crystals grown from the melt". Journal of Applied Physics, 3E: 3079-30E6.
  8. ^ a b Frenzel, Max; Hirsch, Tamino; Gutzmer, Jens (Juli 2016). "Gallium, germanium, indium, and other trace and minor elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type — A meta-analysis". Ore Geology Reviews. 76: 52–78. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.12.017. 
  9. ^ Page, D. C., & Watson, M. D. (1976) "The Pb-Zn deposits of the Rosh Pinah Mine, South West Africa". Econ. Geol., 71: 306-27.
  10. ^ Togari, K. (1978) "Colour of Sphalerite". Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, vol. 18, no. 3, Mar. 1978, hlm. 283-290.
  11. ^ Hill, V. G. (1958) "Phase transformation of zinc sulphide". Canadian Mineralogist, 6: 234-259.
  12. ^ Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892", Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 834pp.: 210.

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