Sejarah Filipina (1898–1946)

Sejarah Filipina dari tahun 1898 sampai 1946 dimulai dengan pecahnya Perang Spanyol-Amerika pada bulan April 1898, ketika Filipina masih merupakan bagian dari Hindia Timur Spanyol, dan diakhiri ketika Amerika Serikat secara resmi mengakui kemerdekaan Republik Filipina pada tanggal 4 Juli 1946.

Ketika penandatangan Perjanjian Paris pada tanggal 10 Desember 1898, Spanyol menyerahkan Filipina kepada United States.^[1] Pemerintah militer Amerika Serikat di Kepulauan Filipina mengalami masa pergolakan politik besar, ditandai dengan Perang Filipina-Amerika. Sejak tahun 1901, pemerintahan militer digantikan oleh pemeritahan sipil yakni Pemerintahan Insular Kepulauan Filipina, dengan William Howard Taft menjabat sebagai Gubernur Jenderal yang pertama. Dari tahun 1901 sampai 1906 terdapat juga serangkaian pemerintahan revolusioner yang kurang memiliki pengakuan diplomatik international penting.

Setelah pengesahan Akta Kemerdekaan Filipina pada tahun 1934, sebuah pemilihan presiden Filipina diselenggarakan pada tahun 1935. Manuel L. Quezon terpilih dan dilantik menjadi Presiden Filipina yang kedua pada tanggal 15 November 1935. Pemerintahan Insular dibubarkan dan Persemakmuran Filipina terwujud. Persemakmuran Filipina ini dimaksudkan untuk menjadi sebuah pemerintahan transisi sebagai persiapan untuk pencapaian penuh kemerdekaan negara pada tahun 1946.^[2]

Setelah invasi Jepang dan menyusul pendudukan Filipina selama Perang Dunia II, Amerika Serikat merebut kembali Filipina pada tahun 1945. Menurut ketentuan Akta Kemerdekaan Filipina,^[2] Amerika Serikat secara resmi mengakui kemerdekaan Republik Filipina pada tanggal 4 Juli 1946.

Perspektif historis

Revolusi Filipina dimulai pada bulan Agustus 1896 dan diakhiri dengan Pakta Biak-na-Bato, sebuah gencatan senjata antara Gubernur Jenderal kolonial Spanyol, Jenderal Fernando Primo de Rivera dan pemimpin revolusioner Emilio Aguinaldo yang ditandatangani pada tanggal 5 Desember 1897. Ketentuan dalam pakta menyerukan Aguinaldo dan milisinya untuk menyerah. pemimpin revolusioner lainnya diberi amnesti dan ganti rugi keuangan oleh pemerintah Spanyol sebagai imbalan dimana pemerintah pemberontak setuju untuk pergi ke pengasingan di Hong Kong.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Periode Perang Spanyol-Amerika (1898)

Kegagalan Spanyol untuk terlibat dalam reformasi sosial yang aktif di Kuba seperti yang diminta oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat adalah penyebab utama terjadinya Perang Spanyol-Amerika. Perhatian Amerika terfokus pada isu setelah ledakan misterius yang menenggelamkan kapal perang Amerika Maine pada tanggal 15 Februari 1898 di Pelabuhan Havana.

Referensi

^ "Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898". The Avalon Project. New Haven, Connecticut: Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. 2008. Diakses tanggal 2014-06-15.
^ ^a ^b Corpus Juris (2014), "Tydings-McDuffie Act", Constitutions, Manila, Philippines: Corpus Juris, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-14, diakses tanggal 2014-06-11
^ Aguinaldo 1899 Ch.1
^ Aguinaldo 1899 Ch.2
^ Kalaw 1927, hlm. 92–94Ch.5

Bibliografi

Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1990), "11. The Revolution Second Phase", History of the Filipino People (edisi ke-Eighth), University of the Philippines, hlm. 187–198, ISBN 971-8711-06-6
Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1997), Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, University of the Philippines Press, ISBN 978-971-542-096-9
Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-8240-5624-7
Blanchard, William H. (1996), "9. Losing Stature in the Philippines", Neocolonialism American Style, 1960-2000, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-30013-5
Blitz, Amy (2000), "Conquest and Coercion: Early U.S. Colonalism, 1899-1916", The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-8476-9935-8
Brands, Henry William (1992), Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-507104-7 questia.com
Burns, Adam D. "Adapting to Empire: William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Philippines, 1900-08," Comparative American Studies 11 (Dec. 2013), 418-33.
Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, ISBN 971-8958-00-2
Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy
Golay, Frank H. (1997), Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898-1946, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-254-2 .
Halstead, Murat (1898), "XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico
Jernegan, Prescott F (2009), The Philippine Citizen, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 978-1-115-97139-3
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1921), The Present Government of the Philippines, Oriental commercial, ISBN 1-4067-4636-3, diakses tanggal 2008-03-12 (Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly lists author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila)
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "V. The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 69–98, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "VI. The Revolutionary Government", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 99–163, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "VII. The Opposition to American Sovereignty (1898-1901)", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 99–163, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "Appendix A. Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 413–417, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07 (English translation by the author. Original in Spanish)
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "Appendix C. Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, 1898, Establishing the Revolutionary Government", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 423–429, diakses tanggal 2009-09-07
Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "Appendix D. The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 430–445, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07 (English translation by the author. Original in Spanish)
Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927), "Appendix F: President McKinley's Instructions to the Taft Commission", The development of Philippine politics, Oriental commercial, hlm. 452–459, diakses tanggal 2008-01-21
Karnow, Stanley (1990), In Our Image, Century, ISBN 978-0-7126-3732-9
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Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984), Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 (edisi ke-4th edition, reprint), Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5
Seekins, Donald M. (1993), "The First Phase of United States Rule, 1898–1935", dalam Dolan, Ronald E., Philippines: A Country Study (edisi ke-4th), Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, diakses tanggal 2007-12-25
Trask, David F. (1996), The war with Spain in 1898, University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-9429-5
Taylor, John R.M., ed. (1907), "Chapter I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo, July 15, 1898 to February 28, 1899, Annotated" (PDF), Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records, Arms Research Library, originally from War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, diakses tanggal 2012-06-02 Hapus pranala luar di parameter |publisher= (bantuan)
Thayer, William Roscoe (1919), "VII. The Rough Rider", Theodore Roosevelt; an intimate biography, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), A history of the Spanish–American war of 1898, D. Appleton and Company (republished by [1])
Wolff, Leon (2006), Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn, History Book Club (dipublikasikan tanggal 2005), ISBN 978-1-58288-209-3 (Introduction, Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005)
Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "II. Was independence promised?", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, hlm. 39–43, ISBN 1-4191-7715-X, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "III. Insurgent "Coöperation"", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, hlm. 43–74, ISBN 1-4191-7715-X, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, hlm. 75–89, ISBN 1-4191-7715-X, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IX, The conduct of the war", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, hlm. 168–184, ISBN 1-4191-7715-X, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., ISBN 971-642-071-4

Sumber utama

Aguinaldo, Don Emilio y Famy, "Chapter I. The Revolution of 1896", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Aguinaldo, Don Emilio y Famy, "Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Aguinaldo, Don Emilio y Famy, "Chapter III. Negotiations", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, diakses tanggal 2008-02-07
Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899., Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (dipublikasikan tanggal 1972), diakses tanggal 2008-03-26 . (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)

Bacaan lanjutan

Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005), State and Society in the Philippines, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, U.S.: Rowman and Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-1024-7
Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1974), Introduction to Filipino History, Garotech publishing, ISBN 971-8711-05-8
Alcantra, Teresita A. (2002), Arcella, Lydia, ed., Views on Philippine Revolution, I, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, ISBN 971-92410-1-2
Alcantra, Teresita A. (2002), Arcella, Lydia, ed., Views on Philippine Revolution, II, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, ISBN 971-92410-1-2
Arcilla, José S. (1994), An introduction to Philippine history (edisi ke-Fourth, enlarged), Atoneo De Mamila University Press, ISBN 971-550-261-X
Gates, John M. (Summer 1985), "The Official Historian and the Well-Placed Critic: James A. LeRoy's Assessment of John R. M. Taylor's "The Philippine Insurrection against the United States"", The Public Historian, 7 (3): 57–67, doi:10.2307/3377127, JSTOR 3377127
Richard W. Stewart, ed. (2005), "16. Change, and the Road to war, 1902–1917", American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775-1917, Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-072362-0, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-27, diakses tanggal 2016-11-08
Zuleta, Francisco M.; Nebres, Abriel M. (2007), Philippine History and Government Through the Years, National Bookstore, ISBN 971-08-6344-4
Philippines. Civil Service Board (1906). Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, Issue 5. Contributors United States. Philippine Commission (1900–1916), United States. Bureau of Insular Affairs. Bureau of Public Printing. ISBN 9715501680. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.