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Populisme sayap kanan adalah ideologi politik yang menolak konsensus politik saat ini dan sering menggabungkan etnosentrisme, dan anti-elitisme. Ideologi ini dianggap populisme karena daya tariknya untuk "orang biasa" sebagai lawan elit.^[1] Di Eropa, sayap kanan populisme adalah sebuah ungkapan yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kelompok, politisi, dan partai-partai politik yang umumnya dikenal menentang imigrasi,^[2] sebagian besar dari dunia Islam^[3] dan dalam kebanyakan kasus, Euroskeptisme.^[4] Populisme sayap kanan di dunia Barat pada umumnya, tetapi tidak secara eksklusif, terkait dengan ideologi-ideologi seperti Nasionalisme Baru,^[5]^[6] antiglobalisasi,^[7] nativisme,^[8]^[9] proteksionisme,^[10] dan perlawanan terhadap imigrasi.^[11]

Selain pandangan sayap kanan tradisional seperti perlawanan terhadap peningkatan dukungan untuk negara kesejahteraan dan "lebih mewah, tapi juga lebih ketat, pengeluaran sosial domestik", skema ini juga dijelaskan di bawah populisme sayap kanan dan kadang-kadang disebut "chauvinisme kesejahteraan".^[12]^[13]^[14]

Sejak 1990-an partai-partai beraliran populisme sayap kanan didirikan di badan-badan legislatif bermacam-macam demokrasi, termasuk Australia, Kanada, Prancis, Belgia, Denmark, Swedia, Estonia, Romania, Brasil, dan Chili dan mereka memasuki pemerintahan koalisi di Switss, Austria, Finlandia, Yunani, Slowakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belanda, Selandia Baru, Italia,^[15] dan Israel dan mayoritas pemerintah di India, Turki, Hungaria, dan Polandia. Meskipun gerakan sayap kanan ekstrem di Amerika Serikat telah dipelajari secara terpisah, di mana mereka biasanya disebut "kanan radikal", beberapa penulis memandang mereka sebagai sebuah bagian dalam fenomena sama.^[16] Populisme sayap kanan di Amerika Serikat juga berhubungan dekat dengan paleokonservatisme.^[17] Populisme sayap kanan berbeda dari konservatisme, tapi beberapa partai populisme sayap kanan berakar dari partai politik konservatif.^[16] Partai populisme lainnya berhubungan dengan gerakan fasis yang ada kerika periode antarperang ketika fasisme Italia, Jerman, Hungaria, Spanyol, dan Jepang bangkit berkuasa.

Sejak awal 2010-an, gerakan populisme sayap kanan seperti Barisan Nasional di Prancis, Liga Utara di Italia, Partai untuk Kebebasan di Belanda, dan Partai Kemerdekaan BR mulali bertumbuh populer.^[18]^[19] Di belahan besar karena bertumbuhnya perlawanan terhadap imigrasi dari Timur Tengah dan Afrika, kebangkitan euroskeptisme dan ketidakpuasan dengan kebijakan ekonomi Uni Eropa.^[20] Pandangan Politik 2016 President Donald Trump telah diringkas oleh para cendekiawan sebagai populisme sayap kanan^[21] dan nasionalis.^[22]^[23]

Pengertian

Pengolompokan populisme sayap kanan menjadi satu keluarga politik telah terbukti sulit dan hal ini tidak diyakinkan apakah bermakna kategori yang ada atau hanya sekelompok kategor, karena pihak-pihak yang berbeda dalam ideologi, organisasi, dan kepemimpinan retorika. Juga, tidak seperti partai tradisional, mereka tidak termasuk organisasi internasional yang berpikiran sama dan mereka tidak menggunakan istilah yang sama untuk menggambarkan diri mereka.^[15] Satu kesamaan adalah bahwa meskipun mereka lebih sayap kanan dari partai politik lainnya di sumbu kiri–kanan.^[24]

Cendekiawan menggunakan istilah yang tidak konsisten, kadang-kadang mengacu pada populisme sayap kanan sebagai "sayap kanan"^[16] atau istilah-istilah lain seperti Nasionalisme Baru.^[25] Pippa Norris mencatat bahwa "karya referensi standar menggunakan alternatif tipologi dan beragam label mengkategorikan pihak sebagai kanan 'jauh' atau 'ekstrem', 'kanan baru', 'antiimigran' atau 'neofasisme', 'antipembentukan', 'populis nasional', 'protes', 'suku', 'otoriter', 'antipemerintah', 'antipartai', 'ultranasionalis', atau 'neoliberal', 'liberal', dan sebagainya".^[15]

Partai politik populis sayap kanan

Partai-partai populis sayap kanan atau partai-partai dengan fraksi populis sayap kanan

Mewakili di badan legislatif nasional

Australia – Partai Liberal Australia (fraksi),^[26] Satu Bangsa Pauline Hanson,^[27]Partai Australia Katter^[27]
Austria – Partai Kemerdekaan Austria,^[28] Team Stronach^[29]
Belarus – Partai Demokrat Liberal
Belgia – Vlaams Belang,^[30] Partai Rakyat,^[31]
Brasil – Partai Kristen Sosial
Bulgaria – Uni Patriot (Barisan Nasional untuk Keselamatan Bulgaria, IMRO – Gerakan Nasional Bulgaria,^[32] Ataka^[33])
Kanada - Partai Konservatif (fraksi)^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]
Kroasia – Aliansi Demokrat Kroasia dari Slavonia dan Baranja, Partai Konservatif Kroasia, Uni Demokrat Kroasia^[39]
Siprus – ELAM,^[39]
Ceko – Fajar - Koalisi Nasional,^[40] Kebebasan dan Demokrasi Langsung
Denmark – Partai Rakyat Denmark^[28]^[41]^[42]
Estonia – Partai Rakyat Konservatif Estonia^[41]^[43]
Uni Eropa – Gerakan untuk sebuah Bangsa dan Kebebasan Eropa, Aliansi Eropa untuk Kebebasan, Aliansi untuk Demokrasi Langsung di Eropa, Aliansi Konservatif dan Reformis di Eropa (fraksi)
Finlandia – Partai Finn^[28]^[41]
Perancis – Barisan Nasional,^[28]^[42] Prancis Bangkit, Partai Republik (fraksi)
Georgia – Aliansi Patriot Georgia
Jerman – Alternatif untuk Jerman^[28]^[41]
Yunani – Fajar Emas,^[44] Yunani Merdeka^[41]^[45]
Hong Kong - Gairah Kewarganegaraan^[46]
Hungaria – Fidesz,^[28] Jobbik^[41]^[47]
India – Partai Bharatiya Janata,^[48] Shiv Sena^[49]
Italia – Lega Nord,^[28]^[50] Saudara Italia, Kita dengan Salvini, Gerakan Lima Bintang (fraksi), Forza Italia (fraksi)^[41]^[51]
Israel – Yisrael Beiteinu,^[52] Rumah Yahudi, Likud (fraksi)^[52]
Jepang – Partai Demokrat Liberal (fraksi)^[53]
Kenya – Aliansi Nasional
Latvia – Aliansi Nasional^[41]^[54]
Liechtenstein – Merdeka^[55]^[56]
Lithuania – Urutan dan Keadilan^[41]^[57]
Luksemburg – Partai Reformasi Demokrat Alternatif^[58]
Mozambik – Perlawanan Nasional Mozambik
Belanda – Partai untuk Kebebasan^[30]
Selandia Baru – Selandia Baru Pertama^[48]
Norwegia – Partai Kemajuan^[59]
Filipina – Partai Nacionalista
Polandia – Hukum dan Keadilan,^[41] Kongres Kanan Baru^[60]
Rusia – Partai Demokrat Liberal Rusia^[59]
Serbia – Partai Radikal Serbia,^[61]^[62]^[63] Partai Kemajuan Serbia,^[64]^[65] Dveri
Slowakia – Partai Nasional Slowakia,^[66] Kotleba – Partai Rakyat Slowakia Kita,^[67]^[68] Kita Adalah Keluarga^[69]
Swedia – Demokrat Swedia^[28]^[41]
Swiss – Partai Rakyat Swiss^[70]
Turki – Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan (fraksi),^[71] Partai Gerakan Nasionalis^[72]
Ukraina – Svoboda^[73]^[74]
Britania Raya – Partai Serikat Buruh Demokratik^[75]
Amerika Serikat – Partai Republik (fraksi)^[76]^[77]^[78]

Tidak mewakili di badan legislatif nasional

Albania – Aliansi Merah dan Hitam,^[79] Partai Barisan Nasional Albania
Australia – Partai Penembak, Nelayan, dan Petani, Partai Proteksionis Australia, Bangkit Australia, Aliansi Kebebasan Australia
Austria – Aliansi untuk Masa Depan Austria,^[29] Partai Bebas Salzburg
Belgia – Libertair, Direct, Democratisch,^[80]^[81] VLOTT
Bosnia dan Herzegovina – Partai Patriotik Bosnian-Herzegovinia
Brasil – Partai Pembaruan Buruh Brasil
Bulgaria – Bulgaria Tanpa Sensor^[41]
Kanada – Partai Mawar Liar (Alberta), Aliansi Utara, Partai Kemajuan Nasional Kanada
Kroasia – Partai Hak Kroasia, Partai Hak Kroasia Dr. Ante Starčević
Ceko – Partai Buruh Keadilan Sosial,^[82] Koalisi untuk Republik – Partai Republik Cekoslowakia
Denmark – Partai Kemajuan^[83]
Finlandia – Barisan Biru dan Putih
Prancis – Gerakan untuk Prancis, Pè a Corsica, Alsace Dahulu
Jerman – Partai Nasional Demokrat Jerman,^[84] Gerakan Warga Negara Pro-Chemnitz,^[85]^[86] Gerakan Warga Negara Pro-Jerman,^[87]^[88]^[89] Gerakan Warga Negara Pro-Köln,^[90] Pro-NRW,^[91] Persatuan Sosial Jerman, Partai Kebebasan Jerman^[89]^[92]
Yunani – Penyatuan Ortodoks Populer^[93]^[94]
Islandia – Barisan Nasional Islandia
Irlandia – Demokrasi Langsung Irlandia,^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98] Identitas Irlandia, Partai Nasional (tak terdaftar)
Italia – Api triwarna, Die Freiheitlichen^[59]
Jepang – Partai untuk Kokoro Jepang
Malta – Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
Montenegro – Partai Radikal Serb
Belanda – Forza! Nederland
Polandia – Kebebasan^[60]
Portugal – Partai Renovator Nasional, Prohidup Portugal
Romania – Blok Identitas Nasional di Eropa (Partai Romania Raya, Partai Romania Bersatu, Noua Dreaptă), Partai Generasi Baru^[99]
Serbia – Gerakan Harapan Hungaria, Partai Petani Rakyat
Slovenia – Partai Nasional Slovenia
Spanyol – Vox, Platform untuk Katalonia,^[100]
Swiss – Partai Kebebasan Swiss, Geneva Citizens' Movement,^[101]^[102] Ticino League^[103]
Transnistria – Partai Demokrat Liberal Pridnestrovie
Ukraina – Kongres Nasionalis Ukraina
Britania Raya – Partai Kemerdekaan BR,^[41]^[104] British National Party^[105]^[106]
Amerika Serikat - Partai Konstitusi, Partai Kebebasan Amerika

Bekas partai populis sayap kanan atau partai dengan fraksi populis sayap kanan

Lihat pula

Catatan

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^ Amir Abedi (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. hlm. 39. ISBN 978-1-134-36369-8.
^ Carol Gould; Pasquale Paquino (2001). Cultural Identity and the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 39. ISBN 978-0-8476-9677-2.
^ Ian Budge; David Robertson; Derek Hearl (1987). Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 90. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5.
^ Nathalie Tocci (2007). Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. European Politics. Oxford University Press. hlm. 125.
^ Stefan Engert (2010). EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus. Routledge. hlm. 146.
^ Klausmann, Alexandra (21 May 2010). "Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien". Wiener Zeitung (dalam bahasa Jerman). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-10.
^ Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Europe. Routledge. hlm. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-15432-6.
^ ^a ^b Christina Bergqvist, ed. (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. hlm. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.
^ De Lange, Sarah L. (2008), Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership (PDF), hlm. 9, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04, diakses tanggal 2017-07-10
^ ^a ^b David Art (2011). "Memory Politics in Western Europe". Dalam Uwe Backes; Patrick Moreau. The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. hlm. 361. ISBN 978-3-647-36922-8.
^ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49

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Разговор с мумией

Elezioni generali in Spagna del 2000

2010 Big Ten men's basketball tournament

Greater Dublin Area

Jules Exbrayat

Европейская сардина

1490 en musique classique

Korutla

コルク

Finistère

赛夫丁阿都拉

Bruce Berenyi

Bandai Namco Studios

Bicromato di potassio

烏干達奧林匹克委員會

Beaumat

Hockenheimring