Perdebatan Besar (hubungan internasional)

Dalam teori hubungan internasional, Perdebatan Besar merujuk pada serangkaian ketidaksetujuan antara sarjana-sarjana hubungan internasional.[1] Ashworth menjelaskan bagaimana disiplin hubungan internasional sangat dipengaruhi tulisan-tulisan sejarah dan "tak satu pemikiran pun yang lebih berpengaruh" daripada artian bahwa terdapat perdebatan antara pemikiran utopia dan realis.[2]

Debat Besar Pertama

"Debat Besar Pertama", juga dikenal dengan sebutan "Debat Besar Realis-Idealis",[3] adalah pertentangan antara kaum idealis dan realis yang terjadi pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an[4] dan pada dasarnya memperdebatkan cara menghadapi Jerman Nazi.[5] Sarjana realis menekankan sifat politik internasional yang anarkis dan perlunya keselamatan negara. Sarjana idealis menekankan kemungkinan pembentukan institusi internasional seperti Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Akan tetapi, sarjana lain berpendapat bahwa menetapkan debat antara realisme dan idealisme sebagai suatu debat besar adalah gambaran yang salah, sehingga "debat besar" bisa dianggap sebagai mitos.[6][7]

Debat Besar Kedua

"Debat Besar Kedua" adalah pertentangan antara sarjana "HI ilmiah" yang berupaya memperbaiki metode penelitian ilmiah dalam teori hubungan internasional dan para sarjana yang lebih menyukai pendekatan historis/interpretatif terhadap teori hubungan internasional. Debat ini dijuluki "realis versus behavioris" atau "tradisionalisme versus saintisme".[8]

Debat Antarparadigma

Debat antarparadigma kadang dianggap sebagai suatu debat besar, sehingga disebut "Debat Besar Ketiga". Debat antarparadigma adalah perdebatan antara teori hubungan internasional liberalisme, realisme, dan radikal.[9] Debat ini juga disebut-sebut terjadi antara realisme, institusionalisme, dan strukturalisme.[10]

Debat Besar Keempat

"Debat Besar Keempat" adalah debat antara teori hubungan internasional positivis dan pasca-positivis. Anehnya, perdebatan ini sering dicantumkan dalam sejumlah literatur sebagai "Debat Besar Ketiga" oleh orang-orang yang menolak menyebut debat antarparadigma sebagai suatu Debat Besar.[11] Perdebatan ini mendalami epistemologi dasar ilmu hubungan internasional dan juga disebut sebagai perdebatan antara kaum "rasionalis" dan "reflektivis".[12] Perdebatan ini dimulai oleh Robert Keohane dalam debat International Studies Association tahun 1988 dan dapat dianggap sebagai debat epistemologis alih-alih debat ontologis,[13] yang berarti perdebatan tentang apa yang dapat kita klaim untuk diketahui.

Debat Besar Kelima

Brown, mengomentari kemungkinan "Debat Besar Kelima", berkata bahwa perdebatan tersebut akan mendalami realisme kritis, namun juga 'berharap agar [debat besar kelima] tidak terjadi, karena empat debat besar pertama mengurus hal-hal yang tidak jelas, dan jika debat kelima terjadi, topiknya tidak akan jauh berbeda.[14] Steve Smith berpendapat bahwa, 'sulit menemukan arti "debat besar kelima" dalam literatur'.[15]

Kritik

Steve Smith berpendapat bahwa posisi yang berbeda justru akan terus mengabaikan satu sama lain, yang berarti tidak mungkin lagi berbicara tentang 'perdebatan' antara kerangka-kerangka kerja teoretis yang saling bersaing.[15]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Ken Booth, Michael Cox, Timothy Dunne,The eighty years' crisis: international relations 1919-1999, Issue 1, p1: "The story of international relations is conveniently told in a series of 'great debates'.
  2. ^ LM Ashworth, Did the Realist-Idealist Great Debate Really Happen? a Revisionist History of International Relations,International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 1, p31 (2002)
  3. ^ LM Ashworth, Did the Realist-Idealist Great Debate Really Happen? a Revisionist History of International Relations,International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 1, 33-51 (2002)
  4. ^ Ken Booth, Michael Cox, Timothy Dunne,The eighty years' crisis: international relations 1919-1999, Issue 1, p1
  5. ^ Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke, Jim George (2007) An Introduction to International Relations: Australian Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 90
  6. ^ Vigneswaran, Darsha, International relations’ first great debate: context and tradition.ISBN 0-7315-3133-7, p5
  7. ^ Peter Wilson (1998). The myth of the ‘First Great Debate’. Review of International Studies, 24, pp 1-16
  8. ^ Guzzini, Stefano (1998) Realism in international relations and international political economy: the continuing story of a death foretold, New York: Routledge, P. 32
  9. ^ Weaver, Ole,The rise and all of the Inter-paradigm debate, International theory: positivism and beyond, Steve Smith, Ken Booth, Marysia Zalewski, p151
  10. ^ http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/3/p179436_index.html
  11. ^ Y Lapid, The third debate: On the prospects of international theory in a post-positivist era, International Studies Quarterly (1989) 33, 235-254
  12. ^ Smith, Steve (2007) "Introduction" in T. Dunne. M. Kuki, and S. Smith (eds.) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 10
  13. ^ Smith, S, (2007) 'Introduction' in Dunne, T., Kuki, M. and Smith, S (eds.) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity Oxford: OUP, p 5
  14. ^ Brown, C. (2007) Situating Critical Realism, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 35/2: 409-16
  15. ^ a b Smith, S. (2008) The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, C. Reus-Smit, D. Snidal (eds.),Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 726

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Darshan Vigneswaran, Joel Quirk, International relations' first great debate: context and tradition, Issue 2001; Issue 2004 of Working paper, Dept. of International Relations, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2004

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