Percobaan Cavendish

Percobaan Cavendish, dilakukan pertama kali pada 1797–98 oleh ilmuwan Britania Henry Cavendish, adalah percobaan pertama yang mengukur gaya gravitasi antara dua massa di dalam laboratorium[1] dan yang pertama kali menghasilkan nilai akurat untuk konstanta gravitasi[2] [3]

Karena konvensi satuan yang digunakan pada saat itu, konstanta gravitasi tidak muncul eksplisit dalam karya Cavendish. Sebagai gantinya, hasilnya dinyatakan sebagai berat jenis Bumi,[4] atau ekivalennya, massa Bumi. Percobaannya ini memberikan nilai akurat pertama untuk konstanta geofisika tersebut. Percobaan ini dipikirkan sebelum 1783 [5] oleh geolog John Michell[6] yang membangun neraca puntir untuk itu. Namun Michell wafat pada tahun 1793 tanpa menyelesaikan kerjanya. Setelah kematiannya perkakas tersebut diteruskan ke Francis John Hyde Wollaston dan kemudian membangun ulang perkakas tersebut namun tetap masih mendekati rancangan asli Michell. Cavendish kemudian melakukan serangkaian pengukuran dengan perlengkapan tersebut dan melaporkan hasilnya dalam Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society pada tahun 1798.[7]

Referensi

  1. ^ Boys 1894 p. 355
  2. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 1910 p. 385 'The aim [of experiments like Cavendish's] may be regarded either as the determination of the mass of the Earth,...conveniently expressed...as its "mean density", or as the determination of the "gravitation constant", G'. Percobaan Cavendish saat ini biasa dideskripsikan sebagai pengukuran G (Clotfelter 1987 p. 210).
  3. ^ Banyak sumber secara keliru menyatakan bahwa ini adalah pengukuran pertama G (atau kerapatan Bumi); seperti: Feynman, Richard P. (2013) [1963]. "7. The Theory of Gravitation". mainly mechanics, radiation and heat. The Feynman lectures on physics. Volume I. Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology. 7–6 Cavendish’s experiment. ISBN 9780465025626. Diakses tanggal December 9, 2013.  Terdapat beberapa pengukuran sebelumnya, terutama oleh Bouguer (1740) dan Maskelyne (1774), namun mereka sangat tidak akurat (Poynting 1894)(Encyclopædia Britannica 1910).
  4. ^ Clotfelter 1987, p. 210
  5. ^ McCormmach & Jungnickel 1996, p.336: A 1783 letter from Cavendish to Michell contains '...the earliest mention of weighing the world'. Not clear whether 'earliest mention' refers to Cavendish or Michell.
  6. ^ Cavendish 1798, p. 59 Cavendish gives full credit to Michell for devising the experiment
  7. ^ Cavendish, H. 'Experiments to determine the Density of the Earth', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, (part II) 88 p.469-526 (21 June 1798), reprinted in Cavendish 1798


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