Perbukitan Sivalik

Perbukitan Sivalik dan Sungai Gangga

Perbukitan Sivalik, juga dikenal sebagai Perbukitan Shivalik dan Perbukitan Churia, adalah pegunungan dari Himalaya terluar yang membentang sekitar 2.400 km (1.500 mi) dari Sungai Indus ke arah timur dekat Sungai Brahmaputra, mencakup bagian utara anak benua India. Luasnya 10–50 km (6,2–31,1 mi) dengan ketinggian rata-rata 1.500–2.000 m (4.900–6.600 ft). Antara Teesta dan Sungai Raidak di Assam ada jarak sekitar 90 km (56 mi).[1] "Sivalik" secara harfiah artinya 'pohon Siwa'.[2] Wilayah Sivalik adalah rumah bagi budaya arkeologi Soanian.[3]

Geologi

Peta Perbukitan Sivalik

Secara geologis, Perbukitan Sivalik termasuk dalam tersier endapan Himalaya bagian luar.[4] Mereka terutama terdiri dari formasi batuan batu pasir dan konglomerat, yang merupakan detritus yang dipadatkan di Himalaya[4] ke utara mereka; mereka terkonsolidasi dengan buruk. Sisa magnetisasi dari batulanau dan batupasir menunjukkan bahwa mereka diendapkan 16–5,2 juta tahun yang lalu. Di Nepal, Sungai Karnali menampilkan bagian tertua Perbukitan Shivalik.[5]

Mereka dibatasi di selatan oleh sistem sesar yang disebut Main Frontal Thrust, dengan lereng yang lebih curam di sisi itu. Di bawah ini, zona aluvial kasar Bhabar membuat transisi ke dataran yang hampir datar. Curah hujan, terutama selama musim panas musim, merembes ke dalam Bhabar, kemudian terdorong ke permukaan oleh lapisan aluvial yang lebih halus di bawahnya dalam zona mata air dan rawa-rawa di sepanjang tepi utara dataran.[6]

Prasejarah

Sungai Gangga membelah Perbukitan Sivalik
Pemandangan Perbukitan Sivalik dari Danau Sukhna saat fajar
Pagi musim dingin di Terai

Sisa-sisa budaya Paleolitik Bawah Soanian yang berasal dari sekitar 500.000 hingga 125.000 BP ditemukan di wilayah Sivalik.[7] Sezaman dengan Acheulean, budaya Soanian dinamai dari Lembah Soan di Perbukitan Sivalik di Pakistan. Budaya arkeologi Soan ditemukan di seluruh wilayah Sivalik di India, Nepal, dan Pakistan saat ini.[3]

Sivapithecus (sejenis kera, sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Ramapithecus) adalah di antara banyak fosil yang ditemukan di wilayah Sivalik.[8]

Sejumlah fosil ratites dilaporkan dari Perbukitan Sivalik, termasuk burung unta Asia yang telah punah, Dromaius sivalensis dan Hypselornis. Namun, dua spesies terakhir diberi nama hanya dari tulang jari kaki yang sejak saat itu diidentifikasi sebagai mamalia ungulat dan buaya, masing-masing.[9]

Demografi

Kepadatan populasi manusia yang rendah di Perbukitan Sivalik dan di sepanjang lereng selatan yang curam di Kisaran Himalaya Bawah menciptakan budaya, linguistik, dan zona penyangga politik antara populasi di dataran ke selatan dan perbukitan di luar tebing Mahabharat, memungkinkan jalur evolusi yang berbeda sehubungan dengan bahasa dan budaya.

Dalam budaya populer

Angkatan Laut India, Fregat kelas 'Shivalik' dinamai menurut rentang ini.

Lihat juga

Subrangkaian Sivalik (dari utara ke selatan)
Subdivisi geologi Himalaya (dari utara ke selatan)
Subdivisi geografis Himalaya (dari timur ke barat)

Referensi

  1. ^ Kohli, M. S. (2002). "Shivalik Range". Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage. Indus Publishing. hlm. 24–25. ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1. 
  2. ^ Balokhra, J. M. (1999). The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh (edisi ke-Revised and enlarged fourth). New Delhi: H. G. Publications. ISBN 9788184659757. 
  3. ^ a b Chauhan, P. (2016). "A decade of paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent. The Soanian industry reassessed". Dalam Schug, G. R.; Walimbe, S. R. A Companion to South Asia in the Past. Oxford, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 39. ISBN 978-1-119-05547-1. 
  4. ^ a b  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Siwalik Hills". Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 163–164. 
  5. ^ Gautam, P., Fujiwara, Y. (2000). "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal". Geophysical Journal International. 142 (3): 812–824. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.142..812G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00185.xalt=Dapat diakses gratis. 
  6. ^ Mani, M.S. (2012). Ecology and Biogeography in India. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 690. 
  7. ^ Lycett, S. J. (2007). "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (9): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001. 
  8. ^ Kelley, Jay (1 May 1988). "A new large species of Sivapithecus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Human Evolution (dalam bahasa Inggris). 17 (3): 305–324. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90073-5. ISSN 0047-2484. Diakses tanggal 9 May 2022. 
  9. ^ Lowe, P. R. (1929). "Some remarks on Hypselornis sivalensis Lydekker". Ibis. 71 (4): 571–576. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1929.tb08775.x. 

Templat:GeoSouthAsia 27°46′N 82°24′E / 27.767°N 82.400°E / 27.767; 82.400

Templat:Uttarakhand

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