Peradilan federal Amerika Serikat

Secara umum, peradilan federal di Amerika Serikat dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis peradilan, yaitu:

Peradilan Pasal I (bahasa Inggris: Article I courts atau Article I tribunals) adalah lembaga peradilan (atau lembaga kuasi-yudisial) yang berwenang untuk meninjau kembali keputusan lembaga administratif pemerintah federal, putusan peradilan banding militer federal, dan lembaga-lembaga peradilan administratif lainnya. Hakim pada peradilan ini diangkat oleh hakim pada Peradilan Pasal III dan wewenangnya diatur oleh Kongres.
Peradilan Pasal III (bahasa Inggris: Article III courts atau Article III tribunals) yaitu lembaga peradilan yang secara jelas dimandatkan oleh Pasal III Konstitusi Amerika Serikat. Lembaga peradilan yang masuk ke dalam kategori ini adalah Mahkamah Agung, Pengadilan Tinggi Federal (13 pengadilan), Pengadilan Negeri Federal (91 pengadilan, termasuk pengadilan di District of Columbia dan Puerto Rico namun tidak termasuk tiga pengadilan negeri yang berdomisili hukum di wilayah non-negara bagian lainnya), dan Pengadilan Perdagangan Internasional. Hakim pada peradilan ini diangkat oleh Presiden atas persetujuan Senat.^[1]
Peradilan Pasal IV (bahasa Inggris: Article IV courts atau Article IV tribunals) adalah lembaga peradilan khusus yang berwenang atas perkara hukum pada wilayah Amerika Serikat yang bukan merupakan negara bagian. Tiga pengadilan dalam sistem ini yang masih ada melayani Kepulauan Mariana Utara, Guam, dan Kepulauan Virgin Amerika.^[2]

Tabel perbandingan peradilan

Peradilan Pasal I	Peradilan Pasal III	Peradilan Pasal IV
Pengadilan Tinggi Distrik Columbia Pengadilan Superior Distrik Columbia Pengadilan Tinggi Angkatan Bersenjata Pengadilan Banding Pidana Angkatan Darat Pengadilan Banding Pidana Angkatan Laut dan Korps Marinir Pengadilan Banding Pidana Angkatan Udara Pengadilan Banding Pidana Penjaga Pantai Pengadilan Klaim Veteran Federal Dewan Banding Veteran Badan Pengadil dan Banding Sengketa Paten Badan Pengadil dan Banding Sengketa Merek Komisi Perdagangan Internasional Pengadilan Klaim Federal Pengadilan banding kontrak federal: Dewan Banding Kontrak Angkatan Bersenjata Dewan Banding Kontrak Sipil Kantor Urusan Penyelesaian Sengketa Akuisisi di Badan Penerbangan Federal Dewan Banding Kontrak Dinas Pos Dewan Banding Kontrak Otoritas Tennessee Valley Pengadilan Pajak Federal Pengadilan Kebangkrutan Federal Pengadilan Magistrat Kantor Urusan Hearings Operations, Social Security Administration Merit Systems Protection Board Pengadilan Militer Pengadilan Peninjau Komisi Militer Komisi Militer Guantanamo	Mahkamah Agung Pengadilan Tinggi Federal Pengadilan Negeri Federal Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Pengadilan Perdagangan Internasional Pengadilan Penyingkiran Teroris Asing Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation	Pengadilan Wilayah

Referensi

^ Presser, Stephen B. "Essays on Article I: Impeachment". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2018.
^ NGUYEN V. UNITED STATES (01-10873) 540 U.S. 935 (2003), The United States Supreme Court, diakses tanggal 2010-01-06

Pranala luar

Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George A., ed. (1996). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 29, 1992. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC. Senate Document 103–6.
- The section on Article III is downloadable as a 1.1 MB PDF at https://web.archive.org/web/20051002211859/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf/con006.pdf.
- Page 604 of this work asserts that the concept of a legislative court first appears in Canter.
Doernberg, Donald L.; Wingate, C. Keith; Zeigler, Donald H., ed. (2004). Federal Courts, Federalism and Separation of Powers: Cases and Materials. West Group Publishing. ISBN 0-314-14928-7.

Hukum Amerika Serikat

Hukum tata negara

Federalisme · Pemisahan kekuasaan · Hak asasi

Kekuasaan kehakiman
Amerika Serikat

Peradilan federal (daftar)	Mahkamah Agung · Pengadilan Tinggi Federal · Pengadilan Negeri Federal · Pengadilan Kebangkrutan Federal · Pengadilan Klaim Federal · Pengadilan Perdagangan Internasional · Pengadilan Pajak Federal
Peradilan negara bagian	Mahkamah Agung Negara Bagian

Pendidikan

Sekolah hukum · Tes Masuk Sekolah Hukum

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